An electrode comprises a manganese oxide compound, one or more additives, and a conductive carbon. The manganese oxide compound has manganese in a valence state that is 3. The one or more additives can be selected from the group consisting of bismuth, bismuth salt, copper, copper salt, tin, tin salt, lead, lead salt, silver, silver salt, cobalt, cobalt salt, nickel, nickel salt, magnesium, magnesium salt, aluminum, aluminum salt, potassium, potassium salt, lithium, lithium salt, calcium, calcium salt, gold, gold salt, antimony, antimony salt, iron, iron salt, barium, barium salt, zinc and zinc salt.

An electrode comprises a manganese oxide compound, one or more additives, and a conductive carbon. The manganese oxide compound has manganese in a valence state that is 3. The one or more additives can be selected from the group consisting of bismuth, bismuth salt, copper, copper salt, tin, tin salt, lead, lead salt, silver, silver salt, cobalt, cobalt salt, nickel, nickel salt, magnesium, magnesium salt, aluminum, aluminum salt, potassium, potassium salt, lithium, lithium salt, calcium, calcium salt, gold, gold salt, antimony, antimony salt, iron, iron salt, barium, barium salt, zinc and zinc salt.

A solid, ionically conductive, non-electrically conducting polymer material with a plurality of monomers and a plurality of charge transfer complexes, wherein each charge transfer complex is positioned on a monomer.

An electrode for an energy storage device and a method of fabricating such electrode. The electrode includes a plurality of layers of active material defining a layer material structure; and an interlayer material disposed between each adjacent pairs of layer of the active material. The interlayer material is arranged to facilitate a transportation of ions along and/or across the plurality of layers of active material during a charging or a discharging operation of the energy storage device.

An electrode for an energy storage device and a method of fabricating such electrode. The electrode includes a plurality of layers of active material defining a layer material structure; and an interlayer material disposed between each adjacent pairs of layer of the active material. The interlayer material is arranged to facilitate a transportation of ions along and/or across the plurality of layers of active material during a charging or a discharging operation of the energy storage device.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode including zinc, a second electrode including manganese dioxide, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode, second, electrode, and separator printed onto a substrate. The device may include a first current collector and/or a second current collector printed onto the substrate. The energy storage device may include a printed intermediate layer between the separator and the first electrode. The first electrode, and the second electrode may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode and the second electrode may include an electrolyte having zinc tetrafluoroborate (ZnBF.sub.4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode, the second electrode, the first current collector, and/or the second current collector can include carbon nanotubes. The separator may include solid microspheres.

A primary battery includes a cathode having a non-stoichiometric metal oxide including transition metals Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of metal atoms, an alkali metal, and hydrogen; an anode; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and an alkaline electrolyte.

A primary battery includes a cathode having a non-stoichiometric metal oxide including transition metals Ni, Mn, Co, or a combination of metal atoms, an alkali metal, and hydrogen; an anode; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and an alkaline electrolyte.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

A zinc ion-exchanging battery device comprising: (A) a cathode comprising two cathode active materials (a zinc ion intercalation compound and a surface-mediating material); (B) an anode containing zinc metal or zinc alloy; (C) a porous separator disposed between the cathode and the anode; and (D) an electrolyte containing zinc ions that are exchanged between the cathode and the anode during battery charge/discharge. The zinc ion intercalation compound is selected from chemically treated carbon or graphite material having an expanded inter-graphene spacing d.sub.002 of at least 0.5 nm, or an oxide, carbide, dichalcogenide, trichalcogenide, sulfide, selenide, or telluride of niobium, zirconium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, manganese, iron, nickel, or a combination thereof. The surface-mediating material contains exfoliated graphite or multiple single-layer sheets or multi-layer platelets of a graphene material.