A lead acid battery is described that makes it possible to suppress an increase in internal resistance and to accurately determine the state of charge or the state of degradation by a method of measuring the internal resistance. The lead acid battery includes an electrode plate group in which a plurality of positive electrode plates having a positive active material containing lead dioxide and a plurality of negative electrode plates having a negative active material containing metallic lead are alternately stacked with separators interposed therebetween. The electrode plate group is immersed in an electrolyte. The flatness of the positive electrode plates after chemical conversion is equal to or less than 4.0 mm

A machine for and method of making a paste of active material for application to a grid to make a plate for a lead acid battery. In the machine and method sulfuric acid, at least one dry additive and red lead or leady oxide are mixed together and the mixture is cooled by a plurality of cooling zones to maintain the mixture at a temperature not greater than a predetermined maximum temperature.

A machine for and method of making a paste of active material for application to a grid to make a plate for a lead acid battery. In the machine and method sulfuric acid, at least one dry additive and red lead or leady oxide are mixed together and the mixture is cooled by a plurality of cooling zones to maintain the mixture at a temperature not greater than a predetermined maximum temperature.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

Disclosed is an electrode for a lead acid battery formed of an electrode plate having a first side and a second opposing the first side, an active material paste applied to at least one of the first and second sides and a fiber mat embedded in the active material paste.

Disclosed is an electrode for a lead acid battery formed of an electrode plate having a first side and a second opposing the first side, an active material paste applied to at least one of the first and second sides and a fiber mat embedded in the active material paste.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

The present disclosure provides an electrolyte solution of a lead-crystal storage battery, a preparation method thereof, and a lead-crystal storage battery. The electrolyte solution comprises silica sol and precipitated silica in a mass ratio of 1:(0.005 to 0.05); a total content of silica in the electrolyte solution is from 1% to 4% as per a net content of the silica; the electrolyte solution further comprises 0.1% to 2% of lithium hydroxide based on a total amount of the electrolyte solution. Upon the completion of a formation step of the battery, the electrolyte solution changes from a flow dynamic state to a solidified electrolyte solution containing crystal particles. By using specific gelling agents in combination and adding a relatively large amount of lithium hydroxide in the electrolyte solution to facilitate the electrolyte solution becoming a solidified electrolyte solution containing crystal particles after a charge-discharge cycle, the present disclosure can have active materials of the electrode plates fixed firmly, and enhance the deep cycle capacity of the battery; a porous structure further provides enough space for ion motion to extend battery service life and improve low temperature performance and charge retention.