The present disclosure provides an electrolyte solution of a lead-crystal storage battery, a preparation method thereof, and a lead-crystal storage battery. The electrolyte solution comprises silica sol and precipitated silica in a mass ratio of 1:(0.005 to 0.05); a total content of silica in the electrolyte solution is from 1% to 4% as per a net content of the silica; the electrolyte solution further comprises 0.1% to 2% of lithium hydroxide based on a total amount of the electrolyte solution. Upon the completion of a formation step of the battery, the electrolyte solution changes from a flow dynamic state to a solidified electrolyte solution containing crystal particles. By using specific gelling agents in combination and adding a relatively large amount of lithium hydroxide in the electrolyte solution to facilitate the electrolyte solution becoming a solidified electrolyte solution containing crystal particles after a charge-discharge cycle, the present disclosure can have active materials of the electrode plates fixed firmly, and enhance the deep cycle capacity of the battery; a porous structure further provides enough space for ion motion to extend battery service life and improve low temperature performance and charge retention.

The present invention provides a porous body which contains sheath-core type binder fibers and a resin binder, and which is characterized in that: the resin binder (the solid content) is contained in an amount of more than 5.0 parts by mass but less than 50 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the porous body; and if P (N) is the penetration strength of the porous body and B (g/m.sup.2) is the weight per square meter of the porous body, P and B satisfy P/B>0.070.

The present invention provides a porous body which contains sheath-core type binder fibers and a resin binder, and which is characterized in that: the resin binder (the solid content) is contained in an amount of more than 5.0 parts by mass but less than 50 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the porous body; and if P (N) is the penetration strength of the porous body and B (g/m.sup.2) is the weight per square meter of the porous body, P and B satisfy P/B>0.070.

Batteries comprise a carbon fibre electrode construction of the invention and have improved DCA and/or CCA, and/or may maintain DCA with an increasing number of charge-discharge cycles, and thus may be particularly suitable for use in hybrid vehicles.

In an aspect, a lead acid battery comprises a sealed casing comprising sulfuric acid; an anode and a cathode that are both at least partially immersed in the sulfuric acid; wherein the anode comprises a current collector, an active layer, and a protective layer located in between the current collector and the active layer; wherein the protective layer comprises an electrically conductive carbon, a crosslinked, acid functionalized polymer, and an aliphatic acid or derivative thereof, wherein the aliphatic acid comprises a C.sub.6-30 aliphatic carboxylic acid.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

A power supply device using electromagnetic power generation includes an electric motor, an electromagnet, a winding, a rechargeable unit, and a battery case. The electromagnet is operatively connected to the electric motor so that an activation of the electric motor changes a magnetic field of the electromagnet. The winding is around the electromagnet so that the change of the magnetic field of the electromagnet generates emf in the winding. The rechargeable unit is electrically connected to both the electric motor and the electromagnet so that the emf is stored in the rechargeable unit or supply to an external electric load. The battery case includes an electrical wire electrically connected to the winding.

A power supply device using electromagnetic power generation includes an electric motor, an electromagnet, a winding, a rechargeable unit, and a battery case. The electromagnet is operatively connected to the electric motor so that an activation of the electric motor changes a magnetic field of the electromagnet. The winding is around the electromagnet so that the change of the magnetic field of the electromagnet generates emf in the winding. The rechargeable unit is electrically connected to both the electric motor and the electromagnet so that the emf is stored in the rechargeable unit or supply to an external electric load. The battery case includes an electrical wire electrically connected to the winding.

Described are aqueous rechargeable hydrogen batteries operating in the full pH range (e.g., pH: 1 to 15) with potential for electrical grid storage. The pH-universal hydrogen batteries operate with different redox chemistry on the cathodes and reversible hydrogen evolution/oxidation reactions (HER/HOR) on the anode. The reactions can be catalyzed by a highly active ruthenium-based electrocatalyst. The ruthenium-based catalysts exhibit comparable specific activity and superior long-term stability of HER/HOR to that of state-of-the-art Pt/C electrocatalyst in the full pH range. New chemistries for aqueous rechargeable hydrogen batteries are also provided.