An electrochemically active material includes an electrochemically active phase that includes elemental lead. The electrochemically active material includes at least 20 atomic % elemental lead based on the total chemical composition of the electrochemically active material. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active material is provided. The electrochemically active material includes an electrochemically active phase that includes elemental lead. The electrochemically active material includes at least 20 atomic % elemental lead based on the total chemical composition of the electrochemically active material.

An electrochemically active material includes an electrochemically active phase that includes elemental lead. The electrochemically active material includes at least 20 atomic % elemental lead based on the total chemical composition of the electrochemically active material. In some embodiments, an electrochemically active material is provided. The electrochemically active material includes an electrochemically active phase that includes elemental lead. The electrochemically active material includes at least 20 atomic % elemental lead based on the total chemical composition of the electrochemically active material.

A lead-acid battery includes an electrode plate assembly, a battery case, a positive electrode strap, a negative electrode strap, a positive electrode post, a negative electrode post, a cover, and an electrolyte solution. A negative electrode bushing provided in the cover and the negative electrode post together constitute a negative electrode terminal. A maximum value of a gap between an outer circumferential surface of the negative electrode post and an inner circumferential surface of the negative electrode bushing in the negative electrode terminal is 0.5 mm or more and 2.5 mm or less. A rib is provided in a lower part of the negative electrode bushing, and a minimum value of a protrusion height of the rib is 1.5 mm or more and 4.0 mm or less. A distance between a surface of the electrolyte solution and a lowermost portion of the negative electrode bushing is 15 mm or less.

A lead-acid battery includes an electrode plate assembly, a battery case, a positive electrode strap, a negative electrode strap, a positive electrode post, a negative electrode post, a cover, and an electrolyte solution. A negative electrode bushing provided in the cover and the negative electrode post together constitute a negative electrode terminal. A maximum value of a gap between an outer circumferential surface of the negative electrode post and an inner circumferential surface of the negative electrode bushing in the negative electrode terminal is 0.5 mm or more and 2.5 mm or less. A rib is provided in a lower part of the negative electrode bushing, and a minimum value of a protrusion height of the rib is 1.5 mm or more and 4.0 mm or less. A distance between a surface of the electrolyte solution and a lowermost portion of the negative electrode bushing is 15 mm or less.

Methods for making lead-carbon coupling, lead-carbon electrode sheets, and a lead-carbon battery are revealed. The coupling methods consist of steps of assembling the carbon material that contains oxygen functional groups or metal precursors and lead material in contact with each other and then heating the assembled lead-carbon pair to form lead oxides or metal carbides as a bridge to form coupled lead-carbon interface with high electrochemical and mechanical stability. This coupled lead-carbon structure is applied to form lead-carbon electrode sheets and is further used as electrode sheets of lead-carbon batteries by lead welding.

Methods for making lead-carbon coupling, lead-carbon electrode sheets, and a lead-carbon battery are revealed. The coupling methods consist of steps of assembling the carbon material that contains oxygen functional groups or metal precursors and lead material in contact with each other and then heating the assembled lead-carbon pair to form lead oxides or metal carbides as a bridge to form coupled lead-carbon interface with high electrochemical and mechanical stability. This coupled lead-carbon structure is applied to form lead-carbon electrode sheets and is further used as electrode sheets of lead-carbon batteries by lead welding.

A lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolyte solution. The negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material. The negative electrode material contains a polymer compound, and the polymer compound has a peak in a range of 3.2 ppm or more and 3.8 ppm or less in a chemical shift of .sup.1H-NMR spectrum. Alternatively, the negative electrode material contains a polymer compound having a repeating structure of oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene units. A ratio: C.sub.n/S.sub.n of a content C.sub.n of the polymer compound in the negative electrode material to a specific surface area S.sub.n of the negative electrode material is 25 ppm.Math.m.sup.−2.Math.g or more.

A non-woven fiber mat for lead-acid batteries is provided. The non-woven fiber pasting mat includes glass fibers coated with a sizing composition; a binder composition; and one or more additives. The additives reduce water loss in lead-acid batteries.

A non-woven fiber mat for lead-acid batteries is provided. The non-woven fiber pasting mat includes glass fibers coated with a sizing composition; a binder composition; and one or more additives. The additives reduce water loss in lead-acid batteries.

A method of forming an electrode in an electrochemical battery comprises coating a reticulated substrate with a first wash, the first wash having a conductive material with conductive fibrous members and curing the reticulated substrate coated with the first wash having the conductive material with the conductive fibrous members.