A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

Provided is a battery module cooling system, comprising a graphene heat spreader element (preferably in the form of a film, sheet, layer, belt, band, etc.) configured to abut at least one of the battery cells; and a cooling means in thermal communication with the heat spreader element and configured to transport heat generated from the battery cell(s) through the heat spreader element to the cooling means when the battery cells are discharged. Also provided is a method of operating a battery cooling system, comprising: (a) bringing a graphene heat spreader element in thermal contact with a plurality of battery cells in a module and receiving heat therefrom; and (b) directing the heat to transport through the graphene heat spreader element to a cooling means which acts to remove the heat and keep the battery below a desired temperature.

Disclosed are electrode plates for a lead acid battery. The electrode plates are formed of an electrode plate having a face, the electrode plate comprising a lead or lead alloy grid coated with an active material and the electrode plates having a porous, non-woven mat comprised of polymer fibers coating on the face of the electrode plate, as well as a method for making the coated electrode plates and lead acid batteries containing the coated electrode plates.

Disclosed are electrode plates for a lead acid battery. The electrode plates are formed of an electrode plate having a face, the electrode plate comprising a lead or lead alloy grid coated with an active material and the electrode plates having a porous, non-woven mat comprised of polymer fibers coating on the face of the electrode plate, as well as a method for making the coated electrode plates and lead acid batteries containing the coated electrode plates.

A meta-solid-state battery includes a first layer disposed on a first current collector, a second layer disposed on a second current collector, and third layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The first layer and the second layer are the cathode and anode electrodes. The third layer includes a first meta-solid-state electrolyte material. Each of the cathode and anode electrodes contain: an active material in an amount ranging from approximately 70% to 99.98% by weight, a carbon additive in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 20% by weight, and a second meta-solid-state electrolyte material in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 10% by weight. The first and second meta-solid-state electrolyte material include a gel polymer.

A meta-solid-state battery includes a first layer disposed on a first current collector, a second layer disposed on a second current collector, and third layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The first layer and the second layer are the cathode and anode electrodes. The third layer includes a first meta-solid-state electrolyte material. Each of the cathode and anode electrodes contain: an active material in an amount ranging from approximately 70% to 99.98% by weight, a carbon additive in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 20% by weight, and a second meta-solid-state electrolyte material in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 10% by weight. The first and second meta-solid-state electrolyte material include a gel polymer.

One aspect of the invention provides a negative electrode material for use in an electrolyte battery including a negative electrode active material and a coating material disposed on a surface of the negative electrode active material. The coating material is a fluoride ion conductor that includes the elements lead and fluorine.

One aspect of the invention provides a negative electrode material for use in an electrolyte battery including a negative electrode active material and a coating material disposed on a surface of the negative electrode active material. The coating material is a fluoride ion conductor that includes the elements lead and fluorine.

A lead acid battery is described that makes it possible to suppress an increase in internal resistance and to accurately determine the state of charge or the state of degradation by a method of measuring the internal resistance. The lead acid battery includes an electrode plate group in which a plurality of positive electrode plates having a positive active material containing lead dioxide and a plurality of negative electrode plates having a negative active material containing metallic lead are alternately stacked with separators interposed therebetween. The electrode plate group is immersed in an electrolyte. The flatness of the positive electrode plates after chemical conversion is equal to or less than 4.0 mm