A negative electrode contains a negative electrode active material. A negative electrode active material includes: lithium; a first element consisting of silicon or tin; and a second element consisting of oxygen or fluorine, in which the negative electrode active material contains substantially no compound phase of the first element and the lithium, and contains an amorphous phase containing the first element and the second element, and an ionic bond is formed between the lithium and the second element.

A rechargeable metal halide battery shows increased metal halide utilization with the introduction of electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives into a metal halide cathode incorporated into an electrically conductive material. The electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives include nitrogen-doped carbon, such as nitrogen-doped single layer graphene, and oxygen-enriched carbon, such as acid-treated carbon black. The modified batteries utilize 20-30% more metal halide than unmodified batteries resulting in enhanced specific capacity and energy density.

An all-solid-state battery comprises a lithium anode, a cathode, solid electrolyte and a protective layer between the solid electrolyte and the lithium anode. The protective layer comprises an ion-conducting material having an electrochemical stability window against lithium of at least 1.0 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being 0.0 V and a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 1.0 V. More particularly, when the solid electrolyte is LiSiCON, the electrochemical stability window is at least 1.5 V, the lowest electrochemical stability is 0.0 V and the highest electrochemical stability is greater than 1.5 V. When the solid electrolyte is sulfide-based, the electrochemical stability window is at least 2.0 V, the lowest electrochemical stability is 0.0 V and the highest electrochemical stability is greater than 2.0 V.

This disclosure is generally directed to coating materials for cathode active materials useful in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The coatings include a metal fluoride (MF.sub.x), a lithium metal fluoride (Li-M-F), or both, which are stable with cathode materials such as LiFePO.sub.4, and helpful in protecting against battery degradation materials (i.e., HF, LiF, PF.sub.5.sup.−, and LiOH).

A lithium battery comprises cathode active material comprising particles of a transition metal oxide, each particle coated in an ion-conducting material that has an electrochemical stability window against lithium of at least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V and a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, the ion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of: Cs.sub.2LiCl.sub.3; Cs.sub.2LiCrF.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiDyCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiErCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiGdCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiLuCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiNdCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiPrCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiScCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiSmCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiTbCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiTmCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiYCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.3Li.sub.2Cl.sub.5; Cs.sub.3LiCl.sub.4; CsLi.sub.2Cl.sub.3; CsLi.sub.3Cl.sub.4; CsLiBeF.sub.4; CsLiCl.sub.2; K.sub.10LiZr.sub.6H.sub.4O.sub.2F.sub.35; K.sub.2LiCeCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiDyCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiGdCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiLaCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiPrCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiTbCl.sub.6; KLiDyF.sub.5; KLiErF.sub.5; KLiGdF.sub.5; KLiHoF.sub.5; KLiLuF.sub.5; KLiPH.sub.2O.sub.4F; KLiTbF.sub.5; KLiTmF.sub.5; KLiYF.sub.5; Li.sub.10Mg.sub.7Cl.sub.24; Li.sub.2B.sub.3O.sub.4F.sub.3; Li.sub.2B.sub.6O.sub.9F.sub.2; Li.sub.2BeCl.sub.4; Li.sub.2BF.sub.5; Li.sub.2CaHfF.sub.8; Li.sub.2MgCl.sub.4; Li.sub.2SiF.sub.6; Li.sub.2Ta.sub.2(OF.sub.2).sub.3; Li.sub.2ZnCl.sub.4; Li.sub.2ZrF.sub.6; Li.sub.3AlF.sub.6; Li.sub.3ErCl.sub.6; Li.sub.3ScCl.sub.6; Li.sub.3ScF.sub.6; Li.sub.3ThF.sub.7; Li.sub.3YF.sub.6; Li.sub.4Be.sub.3P.sub.3BrO.sub.12; Li.sub.4Be.sub.3P.sub.3ClO.sub.12; Li.sub.4ZrF.sub.8; Li.sub.6ZrBeF.sub.12; Li.sub.9Mg.sub.3P.sub.4O.sub.16F.sub.3; LiAlCl.sub.4; LiB.sub.6O.sub.9F; LiBF.sub.4; LiGdCl.sub.4; LiLuF.sub.4; LiScF.sub.4; LiTaF.sub.6; LiThF.sub.5; LiYF.sub.4; LiZr.sub.5T.sub.1F.sub.22; Na.sub.3Li.sub.3Al.sub.2F.sub.12; NaLi.sub.2AlF.sub.6; NaLiBeF.sub.4; NaLiMgPO.sub.4F; Rb.sub.2LiCeCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiDyCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiErCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiGdCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiLaCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiLuCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiPrCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiScCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiTbCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiYCl.sub.6; RbLi.sub.2Be.sub.2F.sub.7; RbLiCl.sub.2; and RbLiF.sub.2.

Methods and systems are provided for a redox flow battery system. In one example, the redox flow battery is adapted with an additive included in a battery electrolyte and an anion exchange membrane separator dividing positive electrolyte from negative electrolyte. An overall system cost of the battery system may be reduced while a storage capacity, energy density and performance may be increased.

Composite anode-active particulates that include lithium-active, silicon nanoparticles in carbon matrices impregnated with solid electrolyte are described with methods for their preparation. The composite active particulates preferably include a solid electrolyte phase carried within pores of the particulate.

The system of the present invention includes a conductive element, an electronic component, and a partial power source in the form of dissimilar materials. Upon contact with a conducting fluid, a voltage potential is created and the power source is completed, which activates the system. The electronic component controls the conductance between the dissimilar materials to produce a unique current signature. The system can also measure the conditions of the environment surrounding the system.

A battery electrode composition is provided that comprises composite particles. Each composite particle may comprise, for example, active fluoride material and a nanoporous, electrically-conductive scaffolding matrix within which the active fluoride material is disposed. The active fluoride material is provided to store and release ions during battery operation. The storing and releasing of the ions may cause a substantial change in volume of the active material. The scaffolding matrix structurally supports the active material, electrically interconnects the active material, and accommodates the changes in volume of the active material.

A technique facilitates evaluation of a fluid, such as a fluid produced from a well. The technique utilizes a modular and mobile system for testing flows of fluid which may comprise mixtures of constituents, and for sampling fluids thereof. The multiphase sampling method includes flowing a multiphase fluid comprising an oil phase and a water phase through a first conduit, the oil phase and water phase at least partially separating in the first conduit, mixing together the oil phase and water phase to form a mixed bulk liquid phase by flowing the multiphase fluid through a flow mixer toward a second conduit downstream the flow mixer, sampling a portion of the mixed bulk liquid phase at location at or within the second conduit, wherein the sampled portion of the mixed bulk liquid phase has a water-to-liquid ratio (WLR) representative of the pre-mixed oil phase and water phase.