A lithium-sulfur battery including an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte is provided. The lithium-sulfur battery may be formed as a jelly roll. The anode may output lithium cations (Li.sup.+) and a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) may be formed on the anode. A protective layer may be formed at least partially within and on the SEI. In addition, the protective layer may be positioned proximal to the anode and include wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets and fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates. For example, multiple wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets may be adjoined to one another by flexure points, where each flexure point may provide exposed carbon atoms. In this way, the fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be grafted onto at least some exposed carbon atoms. At least some fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be compatible with polymerization and cross-linking with one another responsive to exposure to one or more of free-radical initiators or an ultraviolet (UV) energetic environment.

A lithium-sulfur battery including an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte is provided. The lithium-sulfur battery may be formed as a jelly roll. The anode may output lithium cations (Li.sup.+) and a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) may be formed on the anode. A protective layer may be formed at least partially within and on the SEI. In addition, the protective layer may be positioned proximal to the anode and include wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets and fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates. For example, multiple wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets may be adjoined to one another by flexure points, where each flexure point may provide exposed carbon atoms. In this way, the fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be grafted onto at least some exposed carbon atoms. At least some fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be compatible with polymerization and cross-linking with one another responsive to exposure to one or more of free-radical initiators or an ultraviolet (UV) energetic environment.

An electrode for use in an electrical energy storage apparatus includes: a carrier structure including a plurality of vacancies thereon; and an active material arranged to undergo chemical reaction during charging and/or discharging of the electrical energy storage apparatus; wherein the active material occupies the plurality of vacancies on the carrier structure.

A metal-air battery from which leakage of an electrolytic solution is reduced is provided. The metal-air battery includes: a positive electrode including: a current collector; and a catalyst layer formed on the current collector and capable of reducing oxygen; a negative electrode disposed to face the positive electrode; an exterior body housing a stacked portion including the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and having an opening formed to open to the positive electrode; an electrolyte disposed inside the exterior body; and a water-repellent film covering the opening, including a joint portion joined to the exterior body, and transparent to oxygen. The catalyst layer includes a portion positioned between the joint portion and the current collector.

A metal-air battery from which leakage of an electrolytic solution is reduced is provided. The metal-air battery includes: a positive electrode including: a current collector; and a catalyst layer formed on the current collector and capable of reducing oxygen; a negative electrode disposed to face the positive electrode; an exterior body housing a stacked portion including the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and having an opening formed to open to the positive electrode; an electrolyte disposed inside the exterior body; and a water-repellent film covering the opening, including a joint portion joined to the exterior body, and transparent to oxygen. The catalyst layer includes a portion positioned between the joint portion and the current collector.

An electrochemical cell may include: an anode; a porous anodic current collector; a cathode; a porous cathodic current collector; and an alkali metal-conducting separator that separates the anode from the cathode and is disposed surrounding the anodic current collector. The cathode may include seawater. A battery module may include a plurality of the electrochemical cells, and a battery may include a plurality of the battery modules.

The invention discloses a lithium electrode. The electrically conductive structure layer has a recess with one-side opening, and the lithium metal layer is disposed on the bottom of the recess. The solid electrolyte layer and the electrolyte storage layer are disposed thereon sequentially. When the lithium metal is plated, the plated lithium metal is restricted by the solid electrolyte layer to push and compress the electrolyte storage layer. Therefore, the growth of the lithium dendrites is limited efficiently. The penetration through issue of the lithium dendrites will not be occurred so that the safety of the lithium metal battery is improved greatly.

The invention discloses a lithium electrode. The electrically conductive structure layer has a recess with one-side opening, and the lithium metal layer is disposed on the bottom of the recess. The solid electrolyte layer and the electrolyte storage layer are disposed thereon sequentially. When the lithium metal is plated, the plated lithium metal is restricted by the solid electrolyte layer to push and compress the electrolyte storage layer. Therefore, the growth of the lithium dendrites is limited efficiently. The penetration through issue of the lithium dendrites will not be occurred so that the safety of the lithium metal battery is improved greatly.

Electrical storage devices (10,38) are provided with pasted negative electrodes (12) and pasted positive electrodes (15) with porous separators (18) between them, with current collectors (20,22) disposed between the separator (18) and the negative and positive pastes (13,16), respectively.

Electrical storage devices (10,38) are provided with pasted negative electrodes (12) and pasted positive electrodes (15) with porous separators (18) between them, with current collectors (20,22) disposed between the separator (18) and the negative and positive pastes (13,16), respectively.