Particular embodiments described herein provide for an electrode for a battery. The electrode including a current collector frame and an electrode substrate coupled to the current collector frame. An electrically conductive adhesive layer can be between the current collector frame and the electrode substrate and the electrically conductive adhesive layer can include a polymer binder and a conductive filler. The electrode substrate includes a porous material and active electrode material within the porous material. The porous material is copper foam, nickel foam, stainless steel foam, titanium foam, carbon felt, carbon cloth, or a carbon paper conductive polymer. The active electrode material includes one or more of manganese oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, zinc metal, lead oxide, or lead.

Disclosed are an electrode having a three-dimensional structure, the electrode including: a porous nonwoven web including a plurality of polymer fibers that form an interconnected porous network; an active material composite positioned among the polymer fibers and including active material particles and a first conductive material; and a second conductive material positioned on an outer surface of the active material composite, wherein the interconnected porous network is filled homogeneously with the active material composite and the second conductive material to form a super lattice structure, and an electrochemical device including the electrode having a three-dimensional structure.

A bipolar current collector includes a porous substrate, a first metal, and a second metal. The first metal exists on one surface of the porous substrate. The second metal exists on another surface of the porous substrate. At least one of the first metal or the second metal exists inside the porous substrate. The porous substrate possesses advantages of oxidation resistance, reduction resistance, and ion insulation, and some mechanical strength. A metal layer of the bipolar current collector possesses advantages of high electron conductivity and ion insulativity, high mechanical strength, and high thermal stability. In addition, both surfaces of the bipolar current collector are rough to some extent, thereby optimizing interfacial bonding of positive and negative films on both sides to a composite bipolar current collector, and increasing the bonding force of the film.

At least one embodiment relates to a method for transforming at least part of a valve metal layer into a template that includes a plurality of spaced channels aligned longitudinally along a first direction. The method includes a first anodization step that includes anodizing the valve metal layer in a thickness direction to form a porous layer that includes a plurality of channels. Each channel has channel walls and a channel bottom. The channel bottom is coated with a first insulating metal oxide barrier layer as a result of the first anodization step. The method also includes a protective treatment. Further, the method includes a second anodization step after the protective treatment. The second anodization step substantially removes the first insulating metal oxide barrier layer, induces anodization, and creates a second insulating metal oxide barrier layer. In addition, the method includes an etching step.

At least one embodiment relates to a method for transforming at least part of a valve metal layer into a template that includes a plurality of spaced channels aligned longitudinally along a first direction. The method includes a first anodization step that includes anodizing the valve metal layer in a thickness direction to form a porous layer that includes a plurality of channels. Each channel has channel walls and a channel bottom. The channel bottom is coated with a first insulating metal oxide barrier layer as a result of the first anodization step. The method also includes a protective treatment. Further, the method includes a second anodization step after the protective treatment. The second anodization step substantially removes the first insulating metal oxide barrier layer, induces anodization, and creates a second insulating metal oxide barrier layer. In addition, the method includes an etching step.

A secondary battery or a cylindrical lithium secondary battery is generally described. An exemplary lithium secondary battery module includes: an electrode assembly; a first current collector plate; and a second current collector plate. The electrode assembly is formed by winding an anode plate having a first uncoated region formed on one side, a cathode plate having a second uncoated region formed on the other side, and a separator disposed between the anode plate and the cathode plate. The first current collector plate is electrically connected to the first uncoated region through direct contact therewith, and the second current collector plate is electrically connected to the second uncoated region through direct contact therewith. The second uncoated region of the cathode plate and the first uncoated region of the anode plate are formed of the same metal material.

A secondary battery or a cylindrical lithium secondary battery is generally described. An exemplary lithium secondary battery module includes: an electrode assembly; a first current collector plate; and a second current collector plate. The electrode assembly is formed by winding an anode plate having a first uncoated region formed on one side, a cathode plate having a second uncoated region formed on the other side, and a separator disposed between the anode plate and the cathode plate. The first current collector plate is electrically connected to the first uncoated region through direct contact therewith, and the second current collector plate is electrically connected to the second uncoated region through direct contact therewith. The second uncoated region of the cathode plate and the first uncoated region of the anode plate are formed of the same metal material.

An electronic device, including a housing that is metal or lined with an electrically conductive material, at least one electrical component, and a battery cell positioned in a cavity in the outer housing, the battery cell integrated into the electronic device. The battery cell includes a first current collector and an active cell core. The first current collector is the electrically conductive material of the outer housing of the electronic device and connects to the at least one electrical component. The active cell core includes a first active material in adjacent facing relation to and electrically coupled to the first current collector, a second active material; a separator positioned between the first active material and the second active material; and a second current collector electrically coupled with the second active material, wherein the second current collector connects to the at least one electrical component.

A nanoporous metal structure is made by etching a metal alloy structure of two or more metals. Less than all of the metals are selectively removed (e.g., dissolved in solution) from the alloy in the presence of an alternating voltage profile, for example, a periodic voltage profile. The resulting nanoporous metal structure, having pore openings of about 20 nm to about 500 nm in diameter and a purity of at least about 70%, can be further treated to alter some or all of the structure, and/or to add, remove and/or modify properties thereof.

A lithium coating method includes: coating an oxide layer having lithiophilic properties on a metal material by heating the metal material at a certain temperature; and coating a lithium layer on the oxide layer by bringing the metal material coated with the oxide layer into contact with molten lithium.