Provided are primary electrochemical cells having a stable operating voltage of 0.3 V to 2.0 V that include a Li anode coupled to a cathode that is formed of one or more Group 4A, 3A, or 5A elements provided alone or as an alloy with a second, third or other Group 4A, 3A, or 5A element or one or more transition metals. The cells further include a non-aqueous electrolyte optionally with low volatility such as having a vapor pressure of 5 mm Hg or lower at STP, and optionally a lithium-ion conductive and electrically insulating separator inserted between the anode and the cathode. The cells provide stable operating voltage that in some aspects can serve to power ultra-low power devices for 10 or more years without the need for expensive or inefficient circuitry to alter the cell voltage.

To provide a material suitable for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high-temperature durability. An ionic complex of the present invention is represented by any of the following formulae (1) to (3). For example, in the formula (1), A is a metal ion, a proton, or an onium ion; M is any of groups 13 to 15 elements. R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 hydrocarbon group which may have a ring, a heteroatom, or a halogen atom, or N(R.sup.2). R.sup.2 at this time represents hydrogen atom, alkali metal atom, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 hydrocarbon group which may have a ring, a heteroatom, or a halogen atom. R.sup.2 can also have a branched chain or a ring structure when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more. Y is carbon atom or sulfur atom. a, o, n, p, q, and r are each predetermined integers. ##STR00001##

Separator and electrolyte composites include a porous self-supporting separator film between or adjacent one or two electrolyte films. The electrolyte films may contain a glyme or mixture of glymes, LiX salt and complexing agent, such as PEO. The porous self-supporting separator film may be used dry or wetted with a liquid electrolyte composition. Solid state batteries include the described separator and electrolyte composites in combination with an anode and a cathode.

The present invention provides a solid-liquid electrolyte in the form of a gel which comprises an organic carbonate-based solvent, precipitated silica, at least one ionically conducting salt and optionally additives. The invention also relates to batteries containing said solid-liquid electrolyte. The solid-liquid electrolyte according to the present invention can improve the electrochemical properties of batteries and prevent electrolyte leakage thus reducing the risk of corrosion of the batteries.

Provided herein are electrolytes for lithium-ion electrochemical cells, electrochemical cells employing the electrolytes, methods of making the electrochemical cells and methods of using the electrochemical cells over a wide temperature range. Included are electrolyte compositions comprising a lithium salt, a cyclic carbonate, a non-cyclic carbonate, and a linear ester and optionally comprising one or more additives.

Separator and electrolyte composites include a porous self-supporting separator film between or adjacent one or two electrolyte films. The electrolyte films may contain a glyme or mixture of glymes, LiX salt and complexing agent, such as PEO. The porous self-supporting separator film may be used dry or wetted with a liquid electrolyte composition. Solid state batteries include the described separator and electrolyte composites in combination with an anode and a cathode.

The problem to be solved is to provide a liquid electrolyte for a fluoride ion battery which allows a larger capacity of the battery. Solving the problem by providing a liquid electrolyte for a fluoride ion battery including a fluoride salt and a solvent to dissolve the fluoride salt, characterized in that the solvent is an aromatic material having an aromatic cation and an anion, and a molar ratio of the aromatic cation to a fluoride ion is more than 1.

A lithium battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing lithium, and a lithium ion conductive nonaqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode includes at least one selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide and graphite fluoride. The lithium battery includes a powdery or fibrous material attached to at least a portion of a surface of the negative electrode opposed to the positive electrode. The nonaqueous electrolyte includes a nonaqueous solvent, a solute and additives. The solute includes LiClO.sub.4. The additives include LiBF.sub.4 and an oxyfluorophosphate salt.

Provided is a novel imidic acid compound having a divalent anion useful as a pharmaceutical intermediate, an agrochemical intermediate, an acid catalyst, a battery electrolyte or an antistatic agent. The imidic acid compound is a divalent imidic acid compound represented by the following general formula (1) or (2). ##STR00001##
[In formulae (1) and (2), R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 represent a fluorine atom or an organic groups selected from a linear or branched C1-10 alkoxy group, a C2-10 alkenyloxy group, a C2-10 alkynyloxy group, a C3-10 cycloalkoxy group, a C3-10 cycloalkenyloxy group and a C6-10 aryloxy group, and wherein a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom or an unsaturated bond may also be present in the organic group. M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 represent protons, metal cations or onium cations.]

An electrolyte for a lithium battery and a lithium battery including the electrolyte, the electrolyte including a compound represented by Formula 1 below: ##STR00001##