The invention concerns ionic compounds in which the anionic load has been delocalized. A compound disclosed by the invention is comprised of an amide or one of its salts, including an anionic portion combined with at least one cationic portion M.sup.+m in sufficient numbers to ensure overall electronic neutrality; the compound is further comprised of M as a hydroxonium, a nitrosonium NO.sup.+, an ammonium NH.sub.4.sup.+, a metallic cation with the valence m, an organic cation with the valence m, or an organometallic cation with the valence m. The anionic portion matches the formula R.sub.FSO.sub.xN.sup.?Z, where R.sub.F is a perflourinated group, x is 1 or 3, and Z is an electroattractive substituent. The compounds can be used notably for ionic conducting materials, electronic conducting materials, colorants and the catalysis of various chemical reactions.

The present disclosure is directed to a triazine-modified ionic liquid compound, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the triazine-modified ionic liquid compound.

Disclosed are a non-aqueous electrolytic solution, which can improve cycle characteristics when a power storage device is used at high temperature and high voltage, and a power device using the same. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to the present invention comprises, in addition to a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved therein, a compound represented by the following formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein n is an integer of 1 or 2; and when n is 1, L represents a straight or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon group of which at least one hydrogen atom is optionally substituted by a halogen atom, a cycloalkyl group of which at least one hydrogen atom is optionally substituted by a halogen atom, or an aryl group of which at least one hydrogen atom is optionally substituted by a halogen atom; and when n is 2, L represents a saturated or unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon group which optionally contains ether bond(s), or an arylene group.

Provided is an alkali metal cell comprising: (a) a quasi-solid cathode containing about 30% to about 95% by volume of a cathode active material, about 5% to about 40% by volume of a first electrolyte containing an alkali salt dissolved in a solvent, and about 0.01% to about 30% by volume of a conductive additive wherein the conductive additive, containing conductive filaments, forms a 3D network of electron-conducting pathways such that the quasi-solid electrode has an electrical conductivity from about 10.sup.6 S/cm to about 300 S/cm; (b) an anode; and (c) an ion-conducting membrane or porous separator disposed between the anode and the quasi-solid cathode; wherein the quasi-solid cathode has a thickness from 200 m to 100 cm and a cathode active material having an active material mass loading greater than 10 mg/cm.sup.2.

The invention relates to a mono-nuclei cationized magnesium salt, a preparation method and applications thereof. The mono-nuclei cationized magnesium salt has a chemical formula of MgR.sub.nMX.sub.4-mY.sub.m, wherein R is a non-aqueous solvent molecule, M includes Al.sup.3+ and/or B.sup.3+, X and Y respectively include halide ion and halogenoid ion, n is any one integer selected in the range of 06, and m is any one integer selected in the range of 04. The mono-nuclei cationized magnesium salt provided by the invention has a simple structure and excellent electrochemical properties, and the preparation method thereof features low cost, integrated synthesis, accessible raw materials, simple preparation process, and simple scaled production. The provided mono-nuclei cationized magnesium salt is used as the electrolyte of the rechargeable batteries, the generated electrolyte solution has a high ionic conductivity, a high reversible magnesium deposition-dissolution efficiency, excellent circulating performance and a high anode oxidation deposition potential. For example, when the electrolyte solution is applied to the magnesium batteries, the initial discharging capacity of the batteries can reach over 700 mAh/g, and the cycle number is greater than 20.

A non-aqueous electrolyte primary battery of the present invention includes: a negative electrode; a positive electrode; a separator; and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode contains metallic lithium or a lithium alloy. The positive electrode contains a manganese oxide or a lithium-containing manganese oxide with a lithium content of 3.5% by mass or less. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains a phosphoric acid compound or a boric acid compound having in its molecule a group represented by General Formula (1) below, and the content of the phosphoric acid compound or the boric acid compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 8% by mass or less:

##STR00001## where X is Si, Ge or Sn; R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; and some or all of hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom.

A laminated lithium primary battery is provided which can prevent battery life deterioration caused by moisture penetration from outside and in which safety and increase of battery capacity both can be realized. A lithium primary battery 1, including: a sheet-like negative electrode 30 made of lithium; a sheet-like positive electrode 20; a sheet-like separator 40 made of cellulose; non-aqueous organic electrolytic solution; a jacket 11 made of laminate films (11a and 11b), an inside of the jacket is sealed by heat-sealing periphery of the laminate film stacked in an up-and-down direction; and an electrode assembly 10 in which the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30 are stacked in the up-and-down direction having the separator 40 therebetween, the sealed jacket 11 accommodating the electrode assembly with the non-aqueous organic electrolytic solution.

The hybrid battery system has multiple discharge voltage plateaus and a greater charge capacity of metal in the negative electrode, while still having sufficient energy density and sufficient power capability to supply external devices. The charge capacity of the negative side is higher than the charge capacity of the positive side. There are two solvent compositions in the cathodic solution, and there is a transition from a first discharge voltage plateau to a second discharge voltage plateau at a voltage less than the first discharge voltage plateau. The battery system is safe, and the transition between discharge voltage plateaus provides an estimation of battery capacity that can indicate when the battery system is running out of power.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode including zinc, a second electrode including manganese dioxide, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode, second, electrode, and separator printed onto a substrate. The device may include a first current collector and/or a second current collector printed onto the substrate. The energy storage device may include a printed intermediate layer between the separator and the first electrode. The first electrode, and the second electrode may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode and the second electrode may include an electrolyte having zinc tetrafluoroborate (ZnBF.sub.4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode, the second electrode, the first current collector, and/or the second current collector can include carbon nanotubes. The separator may include solid microspheres.

An electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy to electrical energy includes a cathode with an active material of fluorinated carbon on a perforated metal cathode current collector, a lithium anode on a perforated metal anode current collector, a stepped header, a stable electrolyte, and a separator. In various embodiments, an anode current collector design, a cathode current collector design, a stepped header design, a cathode formulation, an electrolyte formulation, a separator, and a battery incorporating the electrochemical cell are provided.