An all-inorganic electrolyte formulation for use in a lithium-ion battery system comprising at least one of each a phosphoranimine, a phosphazene, a monomeric organophosphate and a supporting lithium salt. The electrolyte preferably has a melting point below 0° C., and a vapor pressure of combustible components at 60.6° C. sufficiently low to not produce a combustible mixture in air, e.g., less than 40 mmHg at 30° C. The phosphoranimine, phosphazene, and monomeric phosphorus compound preferably do not have any direct halogen-phosphorus bonds. A solid electrolyte interface layer formed by the electrolyte with an electrode is preferably thermally stable ≥80° C.

A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery satisfies a relationship of an expression (I) “−0.19≤x−(0.0061y+0.0212z)”. x [μmol/Ah] is a value obtained by dividing a total amount of substance of lithium fluorosulfonate included in the electrolyte solution, by the rated capacity. y [m.sup.2/Ah] is a value obtained by dividing a product of a BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material particles and the total mass of the positive electrode active material particles included in the positive electrode plate, by the rated capacity. z [m.sup.2/Ah] is a value obtained by dividing a product of a BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles and the total mass of the negative electrode active material particles included in the negative electrode plate, by the rated capacity.

A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery satisfies a relationship of an expression (I) “−0.19≤x−(0.0061y+0.0212z)”. x [μmol/Ah] is a value obtained by dividing a total amount of substance of lithium fluorosulfonate included in the electrolyte solution, by the rated capacity. y [m.sup.2/Ah] is a value obtained by dividing a product of a BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material particles and the total mass of the positive electrode active material particles included in the positive electrode plate, by the rated capacity. z [m.sup.2/Ah] is a value obtained by dividing a product of a BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles and the total mass of the negative electrode active material particles included in the negative electrode plate, by the rated capacity.

An aqueous electrolyte solution, a power storage device filled with the aqueous electrolyte solution, and a manufacturing method of the power storage device are illustrated. The aqueous electrolyte solution comprises alkali metal cations of different types. With the hydration enthalpy of the alkali metal cations of the different types, a simulated boiling point of the aqueous electrolyte solution is higher than the 105° C. of the conventional aqueous electrolyte solution. After processed by the reflow furnace at 250° C., the power storage device has no cracks found on its appearance, which meets the electrical requirements, and overcomes the problem of bursting of the power storage device filled with conventional aqueous electrolyte solution. The housing of the power storage device adopts liquid crystal polymer, and/or the power storage device is firstly vacuumed and then packaged, therefore increasing coulombic efficiency of electrical testing of the power storage device.

An aqueous electrolyte solution, a power storage device filled with the aqueous electrolyte solution, and a manufacturing method of the power storage device are illustrated. The aqueous electrolyte solution comprises alkali metal cations of different types. With the hydration enthalpy of the alkali metal cations of the different types, a simulated boiling point of the aqueous electrolyte solution is higher than the 105° C. of the conventional aqueous electrolyte solution. After processed by the reflow furnace at 250° C., the power storage device has no cracks found on its appearance, which meets the electrical requirements, and overcomes the problem of bursting of the power storage device filled with conventional aqueous electrolyte solution. The housing of the power storage device adopts liquid crystal polymer, and/or the power storage device is firstly vacuumed and then packaged, therefore increasing coulombic efficiency of electrical testing of the power storage device.

A secondary battery includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; a first solid electrolyte covering the first electrode, the first solid electrolyte containing an alkaline earth metal; and a liquid electrolyte filling the space between the first electrode and the second electrode, the liquid electrolyte containing a non-aqueous solvent and a salt of the alkaline earth metal dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.

A secondary battery includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; a first solid electrolyte covering the first electrode, the first solid electrolyte containing an alkaline earth metal; and a liquid electrolyte filling the space between the first electrode and the second electrode, the liquid electrolyte containing a non-aqueous solvent and a salt of the alkaline earth metal dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.

Provided is a battery module having a structure for cooling efficiently without affecting the volume of the entire module. By utilizing dead spaces uniquely present in laminate cells and conducting heat in a lamination direction of electrodes to dissipate the heat, the cooling efficiency is improved without increasing the volume of the entire module.

Provided is a battery module having a structure for cooling efficiently without affecting the volume of the entire module. By utilizing dead spaces uniquely present in laminate cells and conducting heat in a lamination direction of electrodes to dissipate the heat, the cooling efficiency is improved without increasing the volume of the entire module.

The present invention provides an energy storage device having high discharge capacity and high cycling ability. More particularly, the present invention provides Zn/V.sub.2O.sub.5 battery having cation selective ionomer membrane and free-standing electrode.