Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods, apparatuses and computer program products for enforcing a rule related to traffic routing. A method implemented at a terminal device comprises receiving a rule related to traffic routing for traffic and enforcement information for the rule; and controlling enforcement of the rule based on the enforcement information. The enforcement information indicates whether a modification to a PDU session associated with the traffic due to the enforcement of the rule is allowed.

Systems and methods are provided for controlling implementation of network policies in a system including a core network and an open radio access network (O-RAN). The method includes receiving a request for accessing one of multiple network components from an application at a centralized network policy controller. The method additionally includes evaluating the request at the central network policy controller to determine if the request is core related or RAN related and assigning the application to a selected one of the multiple network components based on the evaluation, wherein the selected one is a core component when the request is core-related and the selected one is a RAN component when the request is RAN-related.

There is provided a method for an apparatus for a network function, the apparatus for the network function, and a computer program for the apparatus, that causes the apparatus to: receive an indication that a first user equipment and/or a first user plane function configured to transmit first user traffic is associated with a first replication handling function, the first replication handling function being configurable to coordinate at least one replication-based redundancy mechanism performed on at least part of said first user traffic; determine a first set of replication rules for use by the first replication handling function determining when the at least one replication-based redundancy mechanism is performed on at least part of said first user traffic; and cause the first set of replication rules to be provided to the first replication handling function.

Methods and systems for SIM management on a DSDA/DSDS device. Methods and systems for Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) management on a User Equipment (UE) are provided. The UE includes one of, a Dual SIM Dual Active (DSDA) UE, or a Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) UE. A method disclosed herein includes selecting a SIM from dual SIM for at least one application to establish at least one Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session. The method includes selecting the SIM for the at least one application based on, at least one of, UE Route Selection Policy (URSP) rules of each SIM, Local Area Data Network (LADN) Data Network Names (DNNs) available per SIM, a current status of each SIM, and an availability of Public Network Integrated Non-Public Network (PNI-NPN) services for each SIM.

A device may include a processor configured to determine latency budgets for particular microservices for an application associated with a user equipment (UE) device, wherein the microservices are deployed in a cloud computing center. The processor may be further configured to determine that a measured latency for a particular microservice has exceeded a latency budget for the particular microservice by at least a latency budget threshold; deploy the particular microservice on a Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) network associated with a base station servicing the UE device, based on determining that the measured latency for the particular microservice has exceeded the latency budget for the particular microservice by at least the latency budget threshold; and send a recommendation to the UE device to use the particular microservice deployed at the MEC network.

The present disclosure provides a method for automatic offloading of a user device into wireless network (Wi-Fi) using an ANDSF application. The method includes a first step to configure available wireless network (Wi-Fi) at the user device. The method includes a second step to validate wireless network (Wi-Fi) at the user device. The method includes a third step to offload the user device into wireless network (Wi-Fi). In addition, wireless network (Wi-Fi) is configured into ANDSF policy. Further, ANDSF policy is configured in ANDSF server. Furthermore, ANDSF server is associated with the ANDSF application. Moreover, wireless network (Wi-Fi) is validated using the ANDSF application. Also, the ANDSF application validates configured wireless network (Wi-Fi) based on Quality of Experience (QOE) parameters. Also, the user device is offloaded using the ANDSF application.

Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for quality of service (QoS) policy determination for packet handling of a traffic flow for extended reality (XR) applications. A method may include receiving a quality of service policy and classification information of one or more packets of a quality of service flow. The method may also include using a quality of service policy for handling the one or more packets of the quality of service flow based on the classification information to determine quality of service information. The method may further include sending the quality of service information to one or more network elements or user equipment for performing a per-packet adjustment of a quality of service parameter based on the quality of service information.

A mechanism is disclosed operating a transport network function (TNF) as part of a fifth generation wireless (5G) virtualized control plane. The mechanism includes receiving a request to compute a traffic engineering (TE) path in a 5G transport network for a packet data unit (PDU) session, the request received from a 5G virtualized control plane function via a service based interface (SBI) bus. Network topology information for the 5G transport network is obtained via a northbound interface (Nn). A TE path across the 5G transport network is computed for the PDU session based on the network topology information. A TE path identifier for the TE path computed for the PDU session is returned via the SBI bus.

Various embodiments comprise systems, methods, architectures, mechanisms and apparatus managing UE handovers between MNO and MVNO networks by using pre-emptive signaling between the two networks so as to coordinate UE session migration between the two networks, such as for UE having dual SIM capability and a software agent functioning as a connection manager is configured to reduce handover delay by maintaining an active profile of active applications, such as via a snapshot module configured to keep track of active packet flows for each application by, illustratively, tracking such application packet flows at the packet level and maintaining a corresponding snapshot of current application packet flows.

The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5.sup.th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4.sup.th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. Disclosed is a method of providing a service in a Multi-access Edge Computing, MEC, network, comprising the steps of: providing a pod in an edge cloud node, wherein the pod comprises a software container for providing an application that offers a service to one or more subscribers; associating with the pod a status related to an active or registered subscriber, wherein an active subscriber is currently interacting with the pod and a registered subscriber is not currently interacting with the pod, but has interacted previously; wherein, provided that the pod has at least one registered subscriber, the pod is maintained in the edge cloud node.