A method and apparatus are described for supplying municipal solid waste (MSW), and/or other types of solid waste comprising both organic waste material and inorganic waste material, into a plasma gasifier reactor (PGR) in which the solid waste is to be processed.

A plasma gas water ionization purification system that purifies waste water into clean water by removing inert waste solids from the waste water. The plasma gas water ionization purification system includes an ionization chamber and a plasma emitting device. The ionization chamber receives the waste water. The plasma emitting device is operatively connected to the ionization chamber and generates a stream of plasma to heat the waste water in the ionization chamber to generate purified steam from the waste water, thereby resulting in separation of the purified steam from the inert waste solids in the waste water, with the purified steam then being condensed into liquid form forming the clean water, which is collected for later use.

In the present invention the torch movement period is 20-40 seconds, with the torch movement period being the time required to move plasma torches (which heat the surface of molten metal in the casting mold) one time. The average heat input amount at multiple sites, which are obtained by dividing the initial solidification portion (which is where the molten metal makes contact with the casting mold and first solidifies) into multiple sites in the circumferential direction of the casting mold, is 1.0-2.0 MW/m.sup.2. The molten metal advection time, which is the time required for electromagnetically stirred molten metal to travel the length of the torch heating region of the surface of the molten metal in the lengthwise direction of the casting mold, is 3.5 seconds or less.

In the present invention the torch movement period is 20-40 seconds, with the torch movement period being the time required to move plasma torches (which heat the surface of molten metal in the casting mold) one time. The average heat input amount at multiple sites, which are obtained by dividing the initial solidification portion (which is where the molten metal makes contact with the casting mold and first solidifies) into multiple sites in the circumferential direction of the casting mold, is 1.0-2.0 MW/m.sup.2. The molten metal advection time, which is the time required for electromagnetically stirred molten metal to travel the length of the torch heating region of the surface of the molten metal in the lengthwise direction of the casting mold, is 3.5 seconds or less.

Disclosed herein a rotational type foil trap that is capable of avoiding the transmission rate of the EUV light to be lowered even when the EUV light source operates with the high input power and also suppressing the temperature increase of the foil to attain a sufficient life duration. In the rotational type foil trap, one end of each of foils is inserted into each of a plurality of grooves provided on a side face of a center support, and the center support and the each of the foils are fixed together by brazing.

Disclosed herein a rotational type foil trap that is capable of avoiding the transmission rate of the EUV light to be lowered even when the EUV light source operates with the high input power and also suppressing the temperature increase of the foil to attain a sufficient life duration. In the rotational type foil trap, one end of each of foils is inserted into each of a plurality of grooves provided on a side face of a center support, and the center support and the each of the foils are fixed together by brazing.

The invention relates to a plasma generation device comprising a plurality of plasma modules for generating a plasma. Each plasma module has a module housing with at least one gas inlet for supplying a process gas. Furthermore, a discharge device for generating the plasma from the process gas and a plasma outlet are provided. The plasma generation device has at least two plasma modules for generating a plasma. Each plasma module has at least one gas outlet for some of the process gas, wherein the at least one gas outlet of at least one plasma module issues into a respective gas inlet of another plasma module.

The invention relates to a plasma generation device comprising a plurality of plasma modules for generating a plasma. Each plasma module has a module housing with at least one gas inlet for supplying a process gas. Furthermore, a discharge device for generating the plasma from the process gas and a plasma outlet are provided. The plasma generation device has at least two plasma modules for generating a plasma. Each plasma module has at least one gas outlet for some of the process gas, wherein the at least one gas outlet of at least one plasma module issues into a respective gas inlet of another plasma module.

For continuously casting an ingot of titanium or titanium alloy, molten titanium or titanium alloy is poured into a top opening of a bottomless mold with a circular cross-sectional shape, the solidified molten metal in the mold is pulled downward from the mold, a plurality of plasma torches disposed on an upper side of molten metal in the mold such that their centers are located directly vertically above the molten metal in the mold, are operated to generate plasma arcs that heat the molten metal in the mold, and the plasma torches are moved in a horizontal direction above a melt surface of the molten metal in the mold, along a trajectory located directly vertically above the molten metal in the mold, while keeping a mutual distance between the respective plasma torches such that the plasma torches do not interfere with each other.

For continuously casting an ingot of titanium or titanium alloy, molten titanium or titanium alloy is poured into a top opening of a bottomless mold with a circular cross-sectional shape, the solidified molten metal in the mold is pulled downward from the mold, a plurality of plasma torches disposed on an upper side of molten metal in the mold such that their centers are located directly vertically above the molten metal in the mold, are operated to generate plasma arcs that heat the molten metal in the mold, and the plasma torches are moved in a horizontal direction above a melt surface of the molten metal in the mold, along a trajectory located directly vertically above the molten metal in the mold, while keeping a mutual distance between the respective plasma torches such that the plasma torches do not interfere with each other.