The present invention provides a plasma generating system that includes: a plurality of plasma reactors. Each plurality of plasma reactors includes: a waveguide for transmitting a microwave energy therethrough; a plasma chamber coupled to the waveguide and configured to generate a plasma therein using the microwave energy; a gas inlet for introducing a gas into the plasma chamber; an exhaust gas pipe for carrying an exhaust gas from the plasma chamber, wherein the plasma converts the gas into the exhaust gas; and a pressure control device installed in the exhaust gas pipe and configured to control a pressure of the exhaust gas in the exhaust gas pipe. The plasma generating system also includes a manifold coupled to the exhaust gas pipes of the plurality of plasma reactors and configured to receive the exhaust gas from the exhaust gas pipes.

A plasma generating system includes a waveguide for transmitting a microwave energy therethrough and an inner wall disposed within the waveguide to define a plasma cavity, where a plasma is generated within the plasma cavity using the microwave energy. The plasma generating system further includes: an adaptor having a gas outlet through which an exhaust gas processed by the plasma exits the plasma cavity; and a recuperator directly attached to the adaptor and having a gas passageway that is in fluid communication with the gas outlet in the adaptor. The recuperator recovers heat energy from the exhaust gas and heats an input gas using the heat energy.

The present invention provides a plasma generating system that includes: a waveguide; a plasma cavity coupled to the waveguide and configured to generate a plasma therewithin by use of microwave energy; a hollow cylinder protruding from a wall of the waveguide and having a bottom cap that has an aperture; a detection unit for receiving the light emitted by the plasma through the aperture and configured to measure intensities of the light in an ultraviolet (UV) range and an infrared (IR) range; and a controller for controlling the detection unit.

Disclosed herein are devices, systems and methods of use of an improved liner for a plasma torch. In particular, a segmented liner for use in a plasma torch (e.g., annular torch, swirl torch) is provided. In general, the improved segmented liner has improved thermal shock resistance capabilities over conventional unitary liners.

Apparatus for plasma synthesis of graphitic products including graphene, comprising: a plasma nozzle coupled to a reaction chamber; means for supplying a process gas to the plasma nozzle, the process gas comprising a carbon-containing species; and means for supplying radio frequency radiation to the process gas within the plasma nozzle, so as to produce a plasma within the nozzle in use, and thereby cause cracking of the carbon-containing species; wherein the plasma nozzle is arranged such that an afterglow of the plasma extends into the reaction chamber, the cracked carbon-containing species also passes into the reaction chamber, and the cracked carbon-containing species recombines within the afterglow, so as to form graphitic products including graphene. A method of plasma-synthesising graphitic products including graphene is also provided.

A microwave output device include: a microwave generation unit configured to generate a microwave, power of the microwave being pulse-modulated such that a pulse frequency, a duty ratio, a high level, and a low level respectively corresponding to a setting pulse frequency, a setting duty ratio, high level setting power, and low level setting power given from a controller; and an output unit configured to output a microwave propagating from the microwave generation unit, wherein the microwave generation unit alternately generates a microwave having a center frequency and a bandwidth respectively corresponding to a setting frequency and a setting bandwidth given from the controller and a microwave having a single frequency peak at a center frequency corresponding to a setting frequency given from the controller, in synchronization with switching between a high level and a low level of the power.

A microwave generator system for use in a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MPECVD) system, the microwave generator system comprising: a microwave generator unit configured to produce microwaves at an operating power output suitable for fabricating synthetic diamond material via a chemical vapour deposition process; a fault detection system configured to detect a fault in the microwave generator unit which results in a reduction in the operating power output or a change in frequency; and a re-start system configured to restart the microwave generator unit in response to a fault being detected and recover the operating power output or frequency in a time period of less than 10 seconds after the fault in the microwave generator unit which caused the reduction in the operating power output or the change in frequency.

Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

A sterilization system having a controllable non-ironing microwave radiation source for providing microwave energy for combining with a gas to produce atmospheric low temperature plasma for sterilizing biological tissue surfaces or the like. A plasma generating region may be contained in a hand held plasma applicator. The system may include an impedance adjustor e.g. integrated in the plasma applicator arranged to set a plasma strike condition and plasma sustain condition. The gas and microwave energy may be transported to a plasma generating region along an integrated cable assembly. The integrated cable assembly may provide a two way gas flow arrangement to permit residual gas to be removed from the surface. Invasive surface plasma treatment is therefore possible. The plasma applicator may have multiple plasma emitters to produce a line or blanket of plasma.

Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.