A conductor structure includes a first metal layer, a second metal layer, and a controlling layer. The second metal layer is disposed on the first metal layer. A material of the first metal layer and a material of the second metal layer include at least one identical metal element. The controlling layer is disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. A thickness of the controlling layer is less than a thickness of the first metal layer, and the thickness of the controlling layer is less than a thickness of the second metal layer.

An electrical interconnect board comprises a printed circuit board and a readout device. The circuit board comprises an insulating layer, and first and second electrically conductive layers. The first and second electrically conductive layers are arranged on opposite sides of the insulating layer. The circuit board comprises receptacles each configured for accommodating a battery cell of the battery module. The first electrically conductive layer electrically interconnects the battery cells with each other. The first and second electrically conductive layers are made from different electrically conductive materials. The first and second electrically conductive layers are connected through the insulating layer at a plurality of locations by a plurality of vertical interconnect accesses (VIAs). Each VIA generates a voltage depending on the temperature at a thermoelectric interface. The readout device senses the generated voltages of the VIAs and determines corresponding temperature values.

A structure for wireless communication having a plurality of conductor layers, an insulator layer separating each of the conductor layers, and at least one connector connecting two of the conductor layers wherein an electrical resistance is reduced when an electrical signal is induced in the resonator at a predetermined frequency. The structure is capable of transmitting or receiving electrical energy and/or data at various near and far field magnetic coupling frequencies.

A conductor includes: a transparent conductive film which is formed on a transparent substrate and includes a silver nanowire; and a metal film of which at least a portion is formed to overlap the transparent conductive film, in which a portion in which the transparent conductive film and the metal film overlap each other includes a buffer film which has adhesion to each of the transparent conductive film and the metal film and does not impede conduction between the transparent conductive film and the metal film. Preferably, the buffer film is, for example, an ITO film, and at this time, an upper surface of the transparent conductive film is a reverse-sputtered surface.

An instrument panel as a vehicular panel includes a panel body on a surface side of which key tops are installed, a printed wiring section arranged on the surface side of the panel body, and an insulation outer layer arranged on the surface side of the panel body so as to cover the printed wiring section.

A circuit board includes a laminated body including a laminate of a plurality of insulating-material layers made of a flexible material. External electrodes are provided on the top surface of the laminated body. An electronic component is mounted on the external electrodes. A plurality of internal conductors, when viewed in plan in the z-axis direction, are overlaid on the external electrodes and are not connected to one another in regions in which the internal conductors are overlaid on the external electrodes.

A conductor includes (i) a substrate, (ii) a transparent conductive film formed on the substrate and including a silver nanowire, (iii) a metal film formed over the transparent conductive film such that at least a portion thereof overlaps the transparent conductive film, and (iv) a buffer film provided between the transparent conductive film and the metal film, the buffer film having adhesion to each of the transparent conductive film and the metal film, and not impeding conductivity between the transparent conductive film and the metal film. Preferably, the buffer film is formed of an organic material having respective functional groups capable of bonding to the transparent conductive film and the metal film.

A printed circuit board (PCB) reducing a thickness of a semiconductor package and improving reliability of the semiconductor package, a semiconductor package including the PCB, and a method of manufacturing the PCB may be provided. The PCB may include a substrate base having at least one base layer, and a plurality of wiring layers disposed on a top surface and a bottom surface of the at least one base layer, the plurality of wiring layers defining a plurality of wiring patterns, respectively may be provided. An elastic modulus of a conductive material of one wiring pattern of at least one wiring layer from among the plurality of wiring layers may be less than a conductive material of another wiring pattern.

An integrated circuit assembly includes a first electrically conductive sheet, a second electrically conductive sheet electrically isolated from the first electrically conductive sheet, a non-conductive material disposed between the first and second electrically conductive sheets, an electrical trace disposed on the non-conductive material and electrically isolated from the first and second electrically conductive sheets, and an integrated circuit having at least one lead directly connected to the first electrically conductive sheet, at least one lead directly connected to the second electrically conductive sheet, and at least one lead electrically connected to the electrical trace. Other integrated circuit assemblies and method for making integrated circuit assemblies are also disclosed.

A component carrier being less prone to deterioration by oxidation and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The component carrier includes a laminated stack with a first surface finish covering a first part of an exposed surface of the laminated stack and a second surface finish covering a second part of an exposed surface of the laminated stack. The first surface finish and the second surface finish are arranged in direct contact with one another so as to at least partially overlap.