A secondary battery comprising a metallic lithium negative electrode and having a coulombic efficiency. The secondary battery of the present disclosure comprises a positive electrode active material layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode active material layer, wherein the negative electrode active material layer comprises a first substance and a second substance, wherein the first substance is at least one of an alloy of Li and an element X and a compound of Li and the element X; the second substance is at least one of a simple substance of a metal element M, an alloy of Li and the metal element M, and a compound of Li and the metal element M; and a formation energy E.sub.LiX of the first substance is lower than a formation energy E.sub.MX of the compound of the metal element M and the element X.

Systems and methods are provided, in which the level of metal ions in cells stacks and lithium ion batteries is regulated in situ, with the electrodes of the cell stack(s) in the respective pouches. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out electrochemically by metal ion sources in the pouches, electrically connected to the electrodes. The position and shape of the metal ion sources may be optimized to create uniform metal ion movements to the electrode surfaces and favorable SEI formation. The metal ion sources may be removable, or comprise a lithium source for lithiating the anodes or cathodes during operation of the battery according to SoH parameters. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out from metal ion sources in separate electrolyte reservoir(s), with circulation of the metal-ion-containing electrolyte through the cell stacks in the pouches prior or during the formation.

Systems and methods are provided, in which the level of metal ions in cells stacks and lithium ion batteries is regulated in situ, with the electrodes of the cell stack(s) in the respective pouches. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out electrochemically by metal ion sources in the pouches, electrically connected to the electrodes. The position and shape of the metal ion sources may be optimized to create uniform metal ion movements to the electrode surfaces and favorable SEI formation. The metal ion sources may be removable, or comprise a lithium source for lithiating the anodes or cathodes during operation of the battery according to SoH parameters. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out from metal ion sources in separate electrolyte reservoir(s), with circulation of the metal-ion-containing electrolyte through the cell stacks in the pouches prior or during the formation.

A prelithiated and surface-stabilized anode active material for use in a lithium battery, comprising a protected anode active material particle comprising a surface-stabilizing layer embracing a core particle, wherein the surface-stabilizing layer comprises a lithium- or sodium-containing species chemically bonded to the core particle and the lithium- or sodium-containing species is selected from Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Li.sub.2O, Li.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4, LiOH, LiX, ROCO.sub.2Li, HCOLi, ROLi, (ROCO.sub.2Li).sub.2, (CH.sub.2OCO.sub.2Li).sub.2, Li.sub.2S, Li.sub.xSO.sub.y, Li.sub.4B, Na.sub.4B, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2O, Na.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4, NaOH, NaiX, ROCO.sub.2Na, HCONa, RONa, (ROCO.sub.2Na).sub.2, (CH.sub.2OCO.sub.2Na).sub.2, Na.sub.2S, Na.sub.xSO.sub.y, or a combination thereof, wherein X=F, Cl, I, or Br, R=a hydrocarbon group, 0<x1, and 1y4; wherein the lithium- or sodium-containing species is preferably derived from an electrochemical decomposition reaction and the core particle is prelithiated to contain an amount of lithium from 1% to 100% of the maximum lithium content that can be included in the core particle of anode active material.

Systems and methods are provided, in which the level of metal ions in cells stacks and lithium ion batteries is regulated in situ, with the electrodes of the cell stack(s) in the respective pouches. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out electrochemically by metal ion sources in the pouches, electrically connected to the electrodes. The position and shape of the metal ion sources may be optimized to create uniform metal ion movements to the electrode surfaces and favorable SEI formation. The metal ion sources may be removable, or comprise a lithium source for lithiating the anodes or cathodes during operation of the battery according to SoH parameters. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out from metal ion sources in separate electrolyte reservoir(s), with circulation of the metal-ion-containing electrolyte through the cell stacks in the pouches prior or during the formation.

A prelithiated and surface-stabilized anode active material for use in a lithium battery, comprising a protected anode active material particle comprising a surface-stabilizing layer embracing a core particle, wherein the surface-stabilizing layer comprises a lithium- or sodium-containing species chemically bonded to the core particle and the lithium- or sodium-containing species is selected from Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Li.sub.2O, Li.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4, LiOH, LiX, ROCO.sub.2Li, HCOLi, ROLi, (ROCO.sub.2Li).sub.2, (CH.sub.2OCO.sub.2Li).sub.2, Li.sub.2S, Li.sub.xSO.sub.y, Li.sub.4B, Na.sub.4B, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2O, Na.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4, NaOH, NaiX, ROCO.sub.2Na, HCONa, RONa, (ROCO.sub.2Na).sub.2, (CH.sub.2OCO.sub.2Na).sub.2, Na.sub.2S, Na.sub.xSO.sub.y, or a combination thereof, wherein X=F, Cl, I, or Br, R=a hydrocarbon group, 0<x1, and 1y4; wherein the lithium- or sodium-containing species is preferably derived from an electrochemical decomposition reaction and the core particle is prelithiated to contain an amount of lithium from 1% to 100% of the maximum lithium content that can be included in the core particle of anode active material.

A topological quantum framework includes a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures disposed in different directions and connected to each other, wherein a one-dimensional nanostructure of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures includes a first composition including a metal capable of incorporating and deincorporating lithium, and wherein the topological quantum framework is porous.

The present application provides a method for preparing negative electrode of lithium ion battery, wherein a negative electrode is obtained by plating a stannum-silicon composite layer and a stannum-carbon composite layer on the surface of a negative current collector. The negative electrode prepared according to the present application could solve the problem of large volume change during charge and discharge processes, so as to improve the cycle performance. The present application also provides a lithium ion battery using the negative electrode mentioned above. The lithium ion battery provided according to the present application has characteristics of high energy density, good charge and discharge performance, and good cycle performance.

An active material is disclosed in the present invention. The active material includes a lithium active material and a complex shell which completely covers the lithium active material. The complex shell includes at least one protection covering and at least one structural stress covering. The protection covering is a kind of metal which may alloy with the lithium ion. The structural stress covering dose not alloy with the lithium active material. The complex shell efficiently blocks the lithium active material out of the moisture and the oxygen so that the lithium active material is able to be stored and operated in the general surroundings. The structural stress provided via the structural stress covering may keep the configuration of the active material unbroken after the repeating reactions.

An active material is disclosed in the present invention. The active material includes a lithium active material and a complex shell which completely covers the lithium active material. The complex shell includes at least one protection covering and at least one structural stress covering. The protection covering is a kind of metal which may alloy with the lithium ion. The structural stress covering dose not alloy with the lithium active material. The complex shell efficiently blocks the lithium active material out of the moisture and the oxygen so that the lithium active material is able to be stored and operated in the general surroundings. The structural stress provided via the structural stress covering may keep the configuration of the active material unbroken after the repeating reactions.