An electrode material including a carbonaceous-coated electrode active material having primary particles of the electrode active material and secondary particles that are aggregates of the primary particles, and a carbonaceous film that coats the primary particles of the electrode active material and the secondary particles that are the aggregates of the primary particles, in which a specific surface area, which is obtained using a nitrogen adsorption method, is 4 m.sup.2/g or more and 40 m.sup.2/g or less, a volume of micropores per unit mass is 0.05 cm.sup.3/g or more and 0.3 cm.sup.3/g or less, and an average micropore diameter, which is obtained from the volume of the micropores per unit mass and the specific surface area, is 26 nm or more and 90 nm or less.

An electrode material including a carbonaceous-coated electrode active material having primary particles of the electrode active material and secondary particles that are aggregates of the primary particles, and a carbonaceous film that coats the primary particles of the electrode active material and the secondary particles that are the aggregates of the primary particles, in which a specific surface area, which is obtained using a nitrogen adsorption method, is 4 m.sup.2/g or more and 40 m.sup.2/g or less, a volume of micropores per unit mass is 0.05 cm.sup.3/g or more and 0.3 cm.sup.3/g or less, and an average micropore diameter, which is obtained from the volume of the micropores per unit mass and the specific surface area, is 26 nm or more and 90 nm or less.

A carbon-based additive for negative active materials includes carbon nanostructures free of a fiber substrate, carbon nanostructures fused to a fiber substrate or any combination thereof. In many cases, the carbon-based additive further includes carbon black. The additive is used to prepare electrode compositions for lead acid batteries. Batteries that include such electrode compositions are characterized by improved dynamic charge acceptance and lead utilization, typically at acceptable water loss levels. Some of the batteries described herein exhibit a negligible memory effect.

A carbon-based additive for negative active materials includes carbon nanostructures free of a fiber substrate, carbon nanostructures fused to a fiber substrate or any combination thereof. In many cases, the carbon-based additive further includes carbon black. The additive is used to prepare electrode compositions for lead acid batteries. Batteries that include such electrode compositions are characterized by improved dynamic charge acceptance and lead utilization, typically at acceptable water loss levels. Some of the batteries described herein exhibit a negligible memory effect.

An electrode material including a carbonaceous-coated electrode active material having primary particles of the electrode active material and secondary particles that are aggregates of the primary particles, and a carbonaceous film that coats the primary particles of the electrode active material and the secondary particles that are the aggregates of the primary particles, in which a specific surface area, which is obtained using a nitrogen adsorption method, is 4 m.sup.2/g or more and 40 m.sup.2/g or less, a volume of micropores per unit mass is 0.05 cm.sup.3/g or more and 0.3 cm.sup.3/g or less, and an average micropore diameter, which is obtained from the volume of the micropores per unit mass and the specific surface area, is 26 nm or more and 90 nm or less.

An electrode material including a carbonaceous-coated electrode active material having primary particles of the electrode active material and secondary particles that are aggregates of the primary particles, and a carbonaceous film that coats the primary particles of the electrode active material and the secondary particles that are the aggregates of the primary particles, in which a specific surface area, which is obtained using a nitrogen adsorption method, is 4 m.sup.2/g or more and 40 m.sup.2/g or less, a volume of micropores per unit mass is 0.05 cm.sup.3/g or more and 0.3 cm.sup.3/g or less, and an average micropore diameter, which is obtained from the volume of the micropores per unit mass and the specific surface area, is 26 nm or more and 90 nm or less.

A fuel cell has an anode, a cathode and a solid electrolyte layer. The cathode contains a perovskite oxide as a main component. The perovskite oxide is expressed by a general formula ABO.sub.3 and includes at least Sr at the A site. The solid electrolyte layer is disposed between the anode and the cathode. The cathode includes a surface region which is within 5 m from a surface opposite the solid electrolyte layer. The surface region contains a main phase containing the perovskite oxide and a secondary phase containing strontium sulfate. An occupied surface area ratio of the secondary phase in a cross section of the surface region is greater than or equal to 0.25% to less than or equal to 8.5%.

The present invention relates to a method for drying an electrode plate capable of solving an electrode plate overdrying problem and a drying uniformity deterioration problem due to a pressure change by including: a supply air volume setting step of setting an initial supply air volume introduced into a drier to a target air volume or less; an exhaust air volume setting step of setting an initial exhaust air volume to a numerical value corresponding to the initial supply air volume set in the supply air volume setting step; and an air volume adjusting step of increasing a supply air volume and an exhaust air volume from the initial air volumes set in the supply air volume setting step and the exhaust air volume setting step to designated target air volumes for a predetermined time, and a system for drying an electrode plate capable of effectively implementing the same.

The present invention relates to a method for drying an electrode plate capable of solving an electrode plate overdrying problem and a drying uniformity deterioration problem due to a pressure change by including: a supply air volume setting step of setting an initial supply air volume introduced into a drier to a target air volume or less; an exhaust air volume setting step of setting an initial exhaust air volume to a numerical value corresponding to the initial supply air volume set in the supply air volume setting step; and an air volume adjusting step of increasing a supply air volume and an exhaust air volume from the initial air volumes set in the supply air volume setting step and the exhaust air volume setting step to designated target air volumes for a predetermined time, and a system for drying an electrode plate capable of effectively implementing the same.

A reaction vessel in the form of a box is sized to closely contain electrode elements or core cell elements of a lithium-based or sodium-based battery or capacitor for contacting of the electrode material, placed in the reaction vessel, with a flowing gaseous stream of an inert carrier gas and vapor of an organic solvent of water for removing residual water from the porous electrode material elements which are to be infiltrated with a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Complementary equipment is provided for delivering the gaseous stream to the reaction vessel with predetermined portions of carrier gas and organic vapor at a predetermined temperature, pressure, and flow rate.