Disclosed herein are compositions, which can be used to coat electrode plates, comprising at least one carbonaceous material and at least one additive, wherein the at least one additive comprises a metal ion selected from calcium, barium, potassium, magnesium, and strontium ion, and wherein the metal ion is present in an amount ranging from 0.5 wt. % to 3 wt. % relative to the total weight of carbonaceous material. Also disclosed are electrodes and lead acid batteries comprising such compositions, and methods of making the compositions.

A novel pair of lead acid battery electrodes are proposed, which are bagged in terelyne cloth bag without having used any pasting to avoid paste mixer, pasting machine and oven etc. By increasing active material ratio to structural material, higher energy density is achieved. Uses of bag system for both negative and positive plate protect the plates from shredding of active materials on use of battery with lesser chance of failure.

A novel pair of lead acid battery electrodes are proposed, which are bagged in terelyne cloth bag without having used any pasting to avoid paste mixer, pasting machine and oven etc. By increasing active material ratio to structural material, higher energy density is achieved. Uses of bag system for both negative and positive plate protect the plates from shredding of active materials on use of battery with lesser chance of failure.

The invention relates to a lead acid battery assembly comprising plurality of cells which are disposed within a housing and each cell having two electrodes namely positive plate and negative plate placed in a volume of an electrolyte in the housing. The cell formed comprises as per the invention at least one electrode plate prepared with a multilayered structure comprising a graphite composite material having higher electronic conductivity during charging and discharging of the battery assembly. The electrode plate structure formed is a three layered plate comprises a first base/substrate layer (100) made of electrically conductive material; a second transition layer (110) made of graphite composite material being adhered to the first base layer using an adhesive agent; and a third chemically active conductive layer (120) surrounding the second transition layer (110)

The invention relates to a lead acid battery assembly comprising plurality of cells which are disposed within a housing and each cell having two electrodes namely positive plate and negative plate placed in a volume of an electrolyte in the housing. The cell formed comprises as per the invention at least one electrode plate prepared with a multilayered structure comprising a graphite composite material having higher electronic conductivity during charging and discharging of the battery assembly. The electrode plate structure formed is a three layered plate comprises a first base/substrate layer (100) made of electrically conductive material; a second transition layer (110) made of graphite composite material being adhered to the first base layer using an adhesive agent; and a third chemically active conductive layer (120) surrounding the second transition layer (110)

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

An electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes: a core part including at least one of an inorganic oxide and a carbon-composite inorganic composite oxide; and a shell part for carbon coating on the core part. The electrode active material has a specific surface area of 6.0 m.sup.2/g or more. The electrode active material has a moisture content of 400 ppm or less, which is measured by a Karl Fischer method such that the electrode active material is heated in a heat-evaporating manner, and continuously maintained at 250 C. for 40 minutes without exposing to an atmosphere after the electrode active material is exposed to the atmosphere to absorb moisture to be saturated.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.