Methods and apparatus for decoding received uplink transmissions using log-likelihood ratio optimization. In an embodiment, a method includes soft-demapping resource elements based on soft-demapping parameters as part of a process to generate log-likelihood ratios (LLR) values, decoding the LLRs to generate decoded data, and identifying a target performance value. The method also includes determining a performance metric from the decoded data, and performing a machine learning algorithm that dynamically adjusts the soft-demapping parameters to move the performance metric toward the target performance value.

In general, according to an embodiment, a memory system includes a memory device including a memory cell; and a controller. The controller is configured to: receive first data from the memory cell in a first data reading; receive second data from the memory cell in a second data reading that is different from the first data reading; convert a first value that is based on the first data and the second data, to a second value in accordance with a first relationship; and convert the first value to a third value in accordance with a second relationship that is different from the first relationship.

A bit interleaver, a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) device and a bit interleaving method are disclosed herein. The bit interleaver includes a first memory, a processor, and a second memory. The first memory stores a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword having a length of 16200 and a code rate of 2/15. The processor generates an interleaved codeword by interleaving the LDPC codeword on a bit group basis. The size of the bit group corresponds to a parallel factor of the LDPC codeword. The second memory provides the interleaved codeword to a modulator for 256-symbol mapping.

An error rate measuring apparatus includes: an operation unit that sets a codeword length, an FEC symbol length, and an FEC symbol error threshold in accordance with a communication standard of a device under test W; error counting means for counting FEC symbol error detected at one FEC symbol interval and an uncorrectable codeword; a display unit that identifies and displays bit string data according to presence or absence of the FEC symbol error in FEC symbol length units based on a counting result; and display control means for performing display control by setting one zone of a display area of identification display as one FEC symbol length, matching a zone length of a horizontal axis of the display area with one codeword length, and performing line feed in codeword length units.

Methods and systems for analyzing data are disclosed. An example method can comprise receiving a first data signal, decoding the first data signal, determining a second data signal based on the decoded first data signal, and determining a modulation error ratio based on a difference between the first data signal and the second data signal.

Disclosed are an apparatus and method for successive cancellation flip decoding of a polar code. The apparatus for successive cancellation flip decoding of a polar code according to an embodiment includes an iterative unit subtotal matrix generator configured to generate an iterative unit subtotal matrix corresponding to a preset iterative unit size based on a portion of an entire subtotal matrix, a selection logic configured to determine one or more selection bits based on a bit string representing a position of a bit returned when re-decoding and generate an auxiliary matrix for generating the entire subtotal matrix from the one or more selection bits, and an entire subtotal matrix generator configured to generate the entire subtotal matrix by using the iterative unit subtotal matrix and the auxiliary matrix.

Data transmission mitigating interwire crosstalk including: dividing a data block to be transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver across a set of signal wires into sub-blocks; encoding each of the sub-blocks into a plurality of codewords; selecting, for each sub-block by a cost function, one of the codewords that is less likely to introduce interwire crosstalk; transmitting the selected codewords; and updating the cost function at the transmitter with feedback from the receiver.

Several embodiments of systems incorporating memory devices are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a memory device can include a controller and a memory component operably coupled to the controller. The controller can include a memory manager, a quality metrics first in first out (FIFO) circuit, and an error correction code (ECC) decoder. In some embodiments, the ECC decoder can generate quality metrics relating to one or more codewords saved in the memory component and read into the controller. In these and other embodiments, the ECC decoder can stream the quality metrics to the quality metrics FIFO circuit, and the quality metrics FIFO circuit can stream the quality metrics to the memory manager. In some embodiments, the memory manager can save all or a subset of the quality metrics in the memory component and/or can use the quality metrics in post-processing, such as in error avoidance operations of the memory device.

A method includes generating an ECC encoded output data by executing an ECC-Space operation using an ECC encoded first data from a memory as a first operand and an ECC encoded second data from the memory as a second operand. The ECC-Space operation is translated from a two operands operation that is operative to transform a first data and a second data into a third data. A result of encoding the first data is the ECC encoded first data and a result of encoding the second data is the ECC encoded second data if the first data and the second data are encoded with an ECC algorithm. The method also includes storing the ECC encoded output data to the memory. The ECC encoded output data is identical to a result of encoding the third data if the third data is encoded with the ECC algorithm.

In a multi-antenna communication system using LDPC codes, a simple method is used to effectively improve the received quality by performing a retransmittal of less data without restricting applicable LDPC codes. In a case of a non-retransmittal, a multi-antenna transmitting apparatus transmits, from two antennas, LDPC encoded data formed by LDPC encoding blocks. In a case of a retransmittal, the multi-antenna transmitting apparatus uses a transmission method, in which the diversity gain is higher than in the previous transmission, to transmit only a part of the LDPC encoded data as previously transmitted. For example, the only the part of the LDPC encoded data to be re-transmitted is transmitted from the single antenna.