A method of preparing a secondary battery including pre-lithiating an electrode assembly including an electrode structure including a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of separators, and a metal substrate. The plurality of electrodes and the plurality of separators are alternatingly stacked. The pre-lithiating includes supplying lithium ions from one of the plurality of positive electrodes to one of the plurality of negative electrodes up to a state of charge (SOC) of A % by electrically connecting one of the plurality of positive electrodes and one of the plurality of negative electrodes and applying a first current, supplying lithium ions from the metal substrate to the positive electrodes up to B % of capacity of the positive electrodes by electrically connecting the metal substrate and the positive electrodes and applying a second current, after applying the first current, and resting the electrode assembly, after applying the second current.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

Enabling the use of lithium metal as an anode electrode is a key for developing next generation energy storage device beyond current lithium ion battery technology. However, there are major obstacles that need to be overcome before it can be used in commercial applications; specifically, dendrite formation can short the cell, and electrolyte decomposition contributes to decreased battery lifetimes. Each obstacle can be overcome by coating a lithium metal anode with a liquid metal buffer that enables uniform deposition of lithium ions thereon, preventing dendritic growth and forming a stable solid electrolyte interface to separate the lithium metal anode from the electrolyte within a battery cell. The liquid metal buffer becomes a semi-liquid buffer when contributing to forming a solid electrolyte interface, and can regain its liquid state when the lithium ions flow to the cathode of the battery cell.

A method of preparing a secondary battery which includes pre-lithiating an electrode assembly which includes an electrode structure including a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of separators, and a metal substrate. The plurality of electrodes and the plurality of separators are alternatingly, stacked. The metal substrate is present on an outermost surface of the electrode structure in a direction in which the electrode and the separator are stacked. Each positive electrode and negative electrode are spaced apart from each other with one separator of the plurality of separators disposed therebetween. The pre-lithiating includes applying a first current by electrically connecting one of the plurality of positive electrodes and one of the plurality of negative electrodes, and applying a second current by electrically connecting the metal substrate and one of the plurality of positive electrodes, after applying the first current.

Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a pouch-shaped battery cell, the method including (a) receiving an electrode assembly in a preliminary battery case and sealing other outer peripheries of the preliminary battery case excluding a first side outer periphery of the preliminary battery case, through which gas is discharged, (b) attaching a protective film to at least one corner portion of an electrode assembly receiving portion, (c) performing an activation process and a degassing process, (d) resealing a first side outer periphery of the electrode assembly receiving portion, and (e) removing the protective film, wherein the inner surface of the protective film is attached to the outer surface of the corner portion of the electrode assembly receiving portion in tight contact therewith without being crumpled in order to support the shape of the corner portion of the electrode assembly receiving portion, which is technology capable of preventing the preliminary battery case from being deformed by force continuously applied to the preliminary battery case in a process of manufacturing the pouch-shaped battery cell.

A current collector is disclosed and comprises a conductive material and an elemental metal of a group 6 metal contacting the conductive material. Also disclosed are an electrochemical cell comprising a current collector, a cathode adjacent to the current collector, and an alkali metal-based electrolyte between the current collector and the cathode, with the cathode separated from the group 6 metal by the alkali metal-based electrolyte. A method of operating the electrochemical cell is also disclosed.

(a) A battery including a power storage element and an electrolytic solution is assembled. (b) Initial charging is performed on the battery. (c) Alternate charging and discharging are performed on the battery after the initial charging. In the alternate charging and discharging, charging and discharging are alternately performed once or more respectively at a voltage between 4.0 V and 4.1 V and a current rate of 0.6 C or higher. The total number of times of charging and discharging is 3 or greater. The charging is performed such that the voltage changes by 0.05 V or higher and 0.1 V or lower whenever the charging is performed once. The discharging is performed such that the voltage changes by 0.05 V or higher and 0.1 V or lower whenever the discharging is performed once.

The invention relates to alkaline secondary batteries. The secondary battery contains a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte, said secondary battery being arranged between the cathode and anode and comprises an alkali metal ion conductive contact to the cathode and to the carbon layer of the anode. The anode contains or consists of a carbon layer, whereby the carbon layer, alone or in combination with an electrically conductive substrate, forms with an electrically conductive contact.

Provided is a method for determining the wetting degree of a lithium ion battery cell using a low current test. The wetting degree determination method according to the present disclosure includes a) obtaining, as a reference charge profile, a charge profile recorded while charging a reference battery cell having undergone receiving an electrode assembly and an electrolyte solution in a case, assembling and pre-aging with a low current of 0.01 C-rate or less, b) measuring and recording a charge profile while charging another battery cell having undergone receiving an electrode assembly and an electrolyte solution in a case, assembling and pre-aging with a low current of 0.01 C-rate or less in the same way as the reference battery cell, and c) determining the wetting degree of another battery cell relative to the reference battery cell by comparative analysis of the reference charge profile and the measured charge profile.

Systems and methods for charging and discharging a plurality of batteries are described herein. In some embodiments, a system includes a battery module, an energy storage system electrically coupled to the battery module, a power source, and a controller. The energy storage system is operable in a first operating state in which energy is transferred from the energy storage system to the battery module to charge the battery module, and a second operating state in which energy is transferred from the battery module to the energy storage system to discharge the battery module. The power source electrically coupled to the energy storage system and is configured to transfer energy from the power source to the energy storage system based on an amount of stored energy in the energy storage system. The controller is operably coupled to the battery module and is configured to monitor and control a charging state of the battery module.