A battery cell includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separation film provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. A variation ratio of thickness of a battery cell before a pressurizing jig is disconnected and after the pressurizing jig is disconnected is equal to or less than 0.009, and the variation ratio of thickness of a battery cell is defied by a value generated by dividing a variation value of thickness that is a difference between the thickness of a battery cell after the pressurizing jig is disconnected and the thickness of a battery cell before the pressurizing jig is disconnected by the thickness of a battery cell before the pressurizing jig is disconnected.

A method of producing a lithium-ion battery includes filling at least one cell of the battery with an electrolyte followed directly with a first step of sealing the at least one cell and a second step of applying pulsating compression to the at least one cell during formation charging, the pulsating compression comprising alternating a first time period of applying a first compression force F.sub.1 greater than zero and a second time period of applying a second compression force F.sub.2, wherein F.sub.1>F.sub.2, and the formation charging includes a first charge of the battery.

Provided is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a spinel-type manganese-containing composite oxide, in which the capacity deterioration in repeated charging and discharging at a high temperature is suppressed. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery disclosed herein includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material includes a lithium composite oxide having a spinel-type crystal structure and including Mn. The positive electrode active material layer includes 0.05% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less of phosphonic acid with respect to the positive electrode active material. The negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material is graphite. The non-aqueous electrolytic solution includes a fluorine-containing lithium salt.

A nanocomposite layer includes a carbon nanotube composite material and a lithium salt polymer composite. The carbon nanotube composite material includes a surface modified carbon nanotube with a positively charged group and a plurality of nanoparticles with a negatively charged group. The plurality of nanoparticles are attached to the surface modified carbon nanotube. The lithium salt polymer composite wraps the carbon nanotube composite material, and includes a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt.

Electrodes and electrochemical cells that can be operated at high voltages and related methods are generally described.

In general, the present disclosure is directed to forming lithium ion battery (LIB) cells with structure and chemistry that achieves formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that allows for operating in relatively high ambient temperature environments, e.g., up to and exceeding 60° C., while significantly reducing self-discharge amounts, e.g., relative to other LIB cells formed with SEI layers measuring about 1-2 nanometers in thickness. For example, one non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure enables a self-discharge amount for a LIB cell of 10% or less over a four (4) week period of time when operating at an ambient temperature of 60 degrees Celsius.

An electrochemical cell is provided herein as well as methods for preparing electrochemical cells. The electrochemical cell includes a negative electrode and a positive electrode. The negative electrode includes a prelithiated electroactive material including a lithium silicide. Lithium is present in the prelithiated electroactive material in an amount corresponding to greater than or equal to about 10% of a state of charge of the negative electrode. The electrochemical cell has a negative electrode capacity to positive electrode capacity for lithium (N/P) ratio of greater than or equal to about 1, and the electrochemical cell is capable of operating at an operating voltage of less than or equal to about 5 volts.

A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

Provided is a technique for preventing plastic deformation of a battery case due to restraint during initial charging. A manufacturing method disclosed herein is a manufacturing method of a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. This method includes assembling to construct a secondary battery assembly, and initial charging of the secondary battery assembly. In the initial charging, the initial charging is started with the secondary battery assembly restrained or not restrained; when a negative electrode potential of the secondary battery assembly reaches 0.6 V, a restraint force P1 is applied to the secondary battery assembly, wherein the restraint force P1 is greater than a restraint force applied before the negative electrode potential reaches 0.6 V; and the restraint force P1 is applied to the secondary battery assembly until the negative electrode potential reaches at least 0.3 V.

Systems and methods are provided, in which the level of metal ions in cells stacks and lithium ion batteries is regulated in situ, with the electrodes of the cell stack(s) in the respective pouches. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out electrochemically by metal ion sources in the pouches, electrically connected to the electrodes. The position and shape of the metal ion sources may be optimized to create uniform metal ion movements to the electrode surfaces and favorable SEI formation. The metal ion sources may be removable, or comprise a lithium source for lithiating the anodes or cathodes during operation of the battery according to SoH parameters. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out from metal ion sources in separate electrolyte reservoir(s), with circulation of the metal-ion-containing electrolyte through the cell stacks in the pouches prior or during the formation.