An energy supplying component (100) includes a plurality of power sources (161, 171, 181, 191) and at least one switch (163, 165, 167, 173, 175, 177, 183, 185, 187, 193, 195, 197). Each power source of the plurality of power sources is configured to output a defined energy level. The at least one switch is configured to reversibly combine two or more power sources of the plurality of power sources for enabling the energy supplying component to supply requested energy at one or both of a needed voltage or a needed current.

A method for treating a human subject having unilateral vocal cord paralysis includes sensing electrical activity of a dysfunctional muscle of the subject, generating at least one stimulation parameter, using a processor, based on the sensed electrical activity, and stimulating the dysfunctional muscle, using a stimulating electrode, based on the at least one stimulation parameter. A stimulation system is also provided.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for generating waveforms for an implantable pulse generator of a neurostimulation system. A waveform generation system includes a computing device, at least one buffer memory, and at least one programmable current regulator. The at least one buffer memory is coupled between the computing device and the at least one programmable current regulator. The computing device is configured to load a string of output current values into the at least one buffer memory, and the at least one buffer memory is configured to sequentially feed each output current value to the at least one programmable current regulator. Further, the at least one programmable current regulator is configured to control current supplied to a plurality of electrodes based on the received output current values.

System and methods are disclosed to automatically set or update physiological thresholds such as perception threshold (pth) and discomfort thresholds (dth) in an implantable stimulator system. The system monitors neural responses such as ECAPs resulting from stimulation provided to the patient. Extracted neural thresholds (ENTs) are determined, which can comprise a smallest stimulation amplitude at which a neural response can be reliably detected. A correlation between ENTs and physiological thresholds such as pth and dth is used to allow the physiological thresholds to be estimated and updated using the measured ENT values.

A medical device for electrical stimulation of a patient. A pulse generator generates current pulses for the electrical stimulation. An electrode lead with a plurality of electrode contacts delivers the pulses to tissue of the patient. The pulse generator repeatedly delivers a current pulse between two electrodes forming a first group and delivers a charge balancing current pulse after each current pulse between the electrodes of the first group. The respective current pulse is separated from the succeeding charge balancing current pulse by an inter pulse interval. The respective current pulse has an amplitude with the same absolute magnitude as the succeeding charge balancing current pulse, but is of opposite sign. The pulse generator delivers between each current pulse and the succeeding charge balancing current pulse a current pulse between two further electrodes forming a second group of electrode contacts of the plurality of electrode contacts.

Devices, systems, and techniques are described for adjusting therapy parameters defining electrical stimulation therapy. An example system includes a stimulation generator comprising a voltage stack configured to provide a stack voltage based on a multiplier of a battery voltage and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry receives a first set of parameter values that use a first stack voltage of the voltage stack to provide a first electrical stimulation defining a first therapy. The processing circuitry also determines, based on a second stack voltage lower than the first stack voltage, a second set of parameter values that define a second electrical stimulation, the second set of parameters defining a lower amplitude of electrical stimulation. Additionally, the processing circuitry controls the stimulation generator to deliver the second electrical stimulation according to the second set of parameter values using the second stack voltage of the voltage stack.

A premodulated interferential current, particularly for spinal cord stimulation, is generated using a pulse generator having multiple electrodes. The premodulated current, which is delivered through at least one of the electrodes, includes a train of biphasic pulses having a repetition frequency, wherein each biphasic pulse includes a stimulating phase and a balancing phase. The premodulated current includes an amplitude modulation envelope having an envelope beat frequency smaller than the repetition frequency of the biphasic pulses, wherein the modulation envelope is generated in the pulse generator.

In various embodiments electrical stimulators are provided for transcutaneous and/or epidural stimulation. In certain embodiments the stimulator provides one or more channels configured to provide one or more of the following stimulation patterns: i) monophasic electrical stimulation with a DC offset; ii) monophasic electrical stimulation with charge balance; iii) delayed biphasic electrical stimulation with a DC offset; iv) delayed biphasic electrical stimulation with charge balance; v) amplitude modulated dynamic stimulation; and/or vi) frequency modulated dynamic stimulation.

An apparatus external to a patient and communicatively coupled to an implant within the patient is disclosed. The apparatus identifies a tentative stimulation parameter adjustment constraint and an absolute stimulation parameter adjustment constraint for a stimulation parameter associated with the implant. The apparatus also determines an impedance of an electrode implanted within the patient and coupled with the implant. Based on the impedance of the electrode, the apparatus automatically adjusts the stimulation parameter within a range between a present value and a first value defined by the tentative stimulation parameter adjustment constraint. Additionally, based on user input manually provided by the patient, the apparatus further adjusts the stimulation parameter within a range between the first value and a second value beyond the first value and defined by the absolute stimulation parameter adjustment constraint. Corresponding apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.

Described is a low voltage, pulsed electrical stimulation device for upregulating expression of klotho, a useful protein, by tissues. Also described are methods of enhancing expression of klotho in cells.