Methods of enabling locomotor control, postural control, voluntary control of body movements (e.g., in non-weight bearing conditions), and/or autonomic functions in a human subject having a spinal cord injury, a brain injury, or a neurological neuromotor disease are described.

Described is a low voltage, pulsed electrical stimulation device for upregulating expression of klotho, a useful protein, by tissues. Also described are methods of enhancing expression of klotho in cells.

Autoinflammatory and mitochondrial disorders can be treated by positioning a plurality of electrodes in or on a subject's body, and applying an AC voltage between the plurality of electrodes so as to impose an alternating electric field through the tissue that is being affected by the autoinflammatory or mitochondrial disease. The frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field are selected such that the alternating electric field inhibits inflammation or mitochondrial disorders in the tissue.

We provide a 3-dimensional configuration of an electrode array for neural cell stimulation designed to leverage migration of retinal cells into voids in the subretinal space. Walls surrounding each pixel align the electric field vertically, matching the orientation of bipolar cells in the retina, and thereby reduce the stimulation threshold. These walls also decouple the field penetration depth from the pixel width, enabling a decrease of the pixel size down to cellular dimensions. Inner retinal cells migrate into the electrode cavities, which enables very efficient stimulation. Due to 1-dimensional alignment of electric field along the cavities, stimulation threshold current density does not increase significantly with the reduced pixel size, unlike the quadratic increase seen with planar arrays.

A method for programming an electrical stimulation system including at least one implantable electrical stimulation lead including a plurality of electrodes that includes receiving a target and a location of the at least one implantable electrical stimulation lead; receiving at least one stimulation criterion; for each of the at least one stimulation criterion, identifying one or more values of a cost parameter that meet the stimulation criterion, wherein the cost parameter includes a ratio of a cost of stimulating at least one defined region of tissue over a benefit of stimulating a region of the target; and providing at least one of the one or more values of the cost parameter that meet the at least one stimulation criterion to a user or the electrical stimulation system to assist in programming the electrical stimulation system.

Electrical stimulation of neural activity in the neural innervation of the spleen provides a useful way to treat acute medical conditions. The disclosed systems and methods stimulate the neural activity of a nerve supplying a spleen, wherein the nerve is associated with a neurovascular bundle, such that the electrical signal produces an improvement in a physiological parameter indicative of treatment of an acute medical condition.

Techniques are disclosed to automate determination of therapy parameter values for adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS). A medical device may determine differences in power values between a present and a previous power value. Based on the difference being greater than or equal to a threshold value, the medical device may iteratively adjust a present therapy parameter value until the difference in the power values between a present and a previous power value is less than the threshold value.

Described herein are methods for treating a subject suffering from or at risk for a condition mediated by an inflammatory cytokine cascade, by electrically or mechanically stimulating vagus nerve activity in an amount sufficient to inhibit the inflammatory cytokine cascade.

Selective high-frequency spinal chord modulation for inhibiting pain with reduced side affects and associated systems and methods are disclosed. In particular embodiments, high-frequency modulation in the range of from about 1.5 KHz to about 50 KHz may be applied to the patient's spinal chord region to address low back pain without creating unwanted sensory and/or motor side affects. In other embodiments, modulation in accordance with similar parameters can be applied to other spinal or peripheral locations to address other indications.

A neuromodulation system and method with feedback optimized electrical field generation for stimulating target tissue of a patient to treat neurological and non-neurological conditions. The system generally includes implantable electrodes, implantable sensors, an implantable or external electrical signal generator, and an implantable or external controller. The controller controls the electrical signal generator to generate electrical noise stimulation signals that are delivered to the target tissue via the electrodes and that produce an optimized electric field having maximized voltage with low current density. The sensors produce temperature and impedance data for the target tissue and the controller automatically responds to values of the sensor data that indicate potential damage to the target tissue to reduce the strength of the electric field.