A water treatment composition for treating organic wastewater is provided. The water treatment composition includes a bulk catalytic material and an oxidant. The bulk catalytic material includes iron atoms or ions, manganese atoms or ions, and magnesium atoms or ions.

According to one or more embodiments described herein, a method for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons may include passing a hydrocarbon feed comprising one or more alkanes or alkyl aromatics into a fluidized bed reactor, contacting the hydrocarbon feed with a dehydrogenation catalyst in the fluidized bed reactor to produce a dehydrogenated product and hydrogen, and contacting the hydrogen with an oxygen-rich oxygen carrier material in the fluidized bed reactor to combust the hydrogen and form an oxygen-diminished oxygen carrier material. In additional embodiments, a dual-purpose material may be utilized which has dehydrogenation catalyst and oxygen carrying functionality.

According to one or more embodiments described herein, a method for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons may include passing a hydrocarbon feed comprising one or more alkanes or alkyl aromatics into a fluidized bed reactor, contacting the hydrocarbon feed with a dehydrogenation catalyst in the fluidized bed reactor to produce a dehydrogenated product and hydrogen, and contacting the hydrogen with an oxygen-rich oxygen carrier material in the fluidized bed reactor to combust the hydrogen and form an oxygen-diminished oxygen carrier material. In additional embodiments, a dual-purpose material may be utilized which has dehydrogenation catalyst and oxygen carrying functionality.

A method of photodegrading an organic compound may include irradiating, in the presence of the organic compound, a nanocomposite including graphitic C.sub.3N.sub.4, V.sub.2O.sub.5, and MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 in a mass relationship to each other in a range of from 5 to 15:2 to 7:75 to 95, at a temperature in a range of from 10 C. to 80 C. in a contaminated volume of water, thereby photodegrading the organic compound to partially decompose the organic compound and at least partially decontaminate the contaminated volume of water.

A method of photodegrading an organic compound may include irradiating, in the presence of the organic compound, a nanocomposite including graphitic C.sub.3N.sub.4, V.sub.2O.sub.5, and MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 in a mass relationship to each other in a range of from 5 to 15:2 to 7:75 to 95, at a temperature in a range of from 10 C. to 80 C. in a contaminated volume of water, thereby photodegrading the organic compound to partially decompose the organic compound and at least partially decontaminate the contaminated volume of water.

A composite oxide including a metal element represented by the composition of general formula: A.sub.nX.sub.y, where the composite oxide comprises an oxide of A and an oxide of X in a mixed state: A represents an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, and a trivalent lanthanoid; X represents an element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba; n is 0<n<1; y is 0<y<1; and n+y=1. Also, a metal-supported material in which cobalt particles are supported on the composite oxide.

A composite oxide including a metal element represented by the composition of general formula: A.sub.nX.sub.y, where the composite oxide comprises an oxide of A and an oxide of X in a mixed state: A represents an element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, and a trivalent lanthanoid; X represents an element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba; n is 0<n<1; y is 0<y<1; and n+y=1. Also, a metal-supported material in which cobalt particles are supported on the composite oxide.

The present invention relates to a particulate filter, in particular a particulate filter for use in an emission treatment system of an internal combustion engine. The particulate filter provides an advantageous combination of low back pressure and high fresh filtration efficiency.

The invention discloses a catalyst comprising a silica support, a modifier metal and a catalytic alkali metal. The silica support has a multimodal pore size distribution comprising a mesoporous pore size distribution having an average pore size in the range 2 to 50 nm and a pore volume of said mesopores of at least 0.1 cm.sup.3/g, and a macroporous pore size distribution having an average pore size of more than 50 nm and a pore volume of said macropores of at least 0.1 cm.sup.3/g. The level of catalytic alkali metal on the silica support is at least 2 mol %. The modifier metal is selected from Mg, B, Al, Ti, Zr and Hf. The invention also discloses a method of producing the catalyst, a method of producing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or ester in the presence of the catalyst, and a process for preparing an ethylenically unsaturated acid or ester in the presence of the catalyst.

A particulate nanocomposite material comprising, as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD): elemental carbon (C); an orthorhombic magnesium iron borate (MgFe(BO.sub.3)O) crystalline phase; an orthorhombic calcium diborate (CaB.sub.2O.sub.4) crystalline phase; and, a monoclinic magnesium diborate (Mg.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5) crystalline phase. The nanocomposite is further characterized in that, based on the total number of atoms in the particulate nanocomposite material and as determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), the atomic concentration of carbon (C) is from about 0.1 atomic percent (atom %) to 5 atom %, the atomic concentration of calcium (Ca) is from about 5 to 15 atom %, the atomic concentration of boron (B) is from about 1 to 10 atom %, the atomic concentration of iron (Fe) is from about 5 to 15 atom %, and the atomic concentration of magnesium (Mg) is from about 5 to 15 atom %.