A method for refining lithium from a crude brine includes charging a crude brine into a feeder tank held at a temperature T.sub.1 and containing a sufficient carbonate source to precipitate all carbonate-forming solids in the crude brine to form a precipitate mixture and a crystal free supernatant; pumping the crystal free supernatant from the feeder tank to a first crystallization reactor that is held at a temperature T.sub.2 to crystallize a lithium carbonate salt out of the crystal free supernatant; wherein the temperature T.sub.1 is lower than the temperature T.sub.2; and controlling a flow rate to maintain a steady state concentration of the lithium carbonate salt in the solution phase of the crystallization reactor.

Provided herein are methods of purifying cannabinoids or cannabinoid derivatives produced using modified host cells and recovering the resulting cannabinoid or cannabinoid derivative preparations. The present methods provide preparations comprising cannabinoids or cannabinoid derivatives having increased purity and amounts of the cannabinoids or cannabinoid derivatives.

A process for the separation of a substance from a liquid feed mixture and for the purification of the substance by fractional layer crystallization, wherein the liquid feed mixture comprises the substance to be separated and purified in a concentration of less than 50% by weight, which comprises the subsequent steps in the given order: (a) feeding the liquid feed mixture into a crystallization zone, in which at least one surface is provided, so that at least a part of the surface contacts the liquid feed mixture, (b) cooling the at least one surface of the crystallization zone to a temperature below the equilibrium freezing temperature of the liquid feed mixture so that a crystal layer enriched in the substance to be separated and purified is deposited on the at least one cooled surface, whereby a mother liquid having a lower concentration of the substance to be separated and purified than the liquid feed mixture is formed from the liquid feed mixture, (c) removing at least a portion of the mother liquid from the crystallization zone, (d) adding a further portion of liquid feed mixture into the crystallization zone, (e) allowing further deposition of a crystal layer enriched in the substance to be separated and purified to take place on the at least one cooled surface, (f) optionally carrying out a sweating stage and removing a sweating residue and (g) melting the crystal layer to obtain the separated and purified substance.

An apparatus for generating dialysate for dialysis comprising a dialysate outlet and a dialysate inlet and dialysate purifying means, wherein the purifying means comprise a cryopurifier for generating pure water, wherein the inlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate outlet and the outlet of the cryopurifier is connected to the dialysate inlet; and a method for reclaiming of fresh dialysate from ultrafiltrate and wasted dialysate extracted from a dialysis patient, comprising the following steps: preparing an ice slurry from the dialysate, wherein the ice slurry contains ice crystals and a liquid containing solutes; and separating the ice crystals from the liquid containing the solutes.

The present invention is directed at the synthesis and characterization of recrystallized HI-6 dimethylsulfate (DMS). The method can comprise dissolving HI-6 DMS in an alkyl-based glycol and adding an antisolvent to recrystallize HI-6 DMS or dissolving HI-6 DMS in methanol and adding dimethoxy ethane or dimethyl formamide as the antisolvent to recrystallize HI-6 DMS. The recrystallized HI-6 DMS indicates a resistance to moisture absorption and/or a DSC melting point onset (MP Onset) at least at or above 160.0 C.

A system for generating a concentrated product from a feedstock includes a reciprocating concentration system that includes first and second chambers to which the feedstock is alternately provided and from which the concentrated product is alternately removed, and a heat transfer system in thermal communication with the first and second chambers, the heat transfer system being configured to reversibly transfer heat between the first and second chambers such that the first chamber alternates between melting a frozen portion of the feedstock in the second chamber and having a frozen portion of the feedstock in the first chamber melted by the feedstock in the second chamber. The system further includes a heat dump system in thermal communication with the reciprocating concentration system, the heat dump system being configured to remove heat from the reciprocating concentration system.

A separator is provided for removing hydrocarbons and fluid from solids from a slurry. The separator includes a first separator tank for receiving a slurry of fluid and solids contaminated with hydrocarbons, said first separator tank comprising agitating means for agitating hydrocarbons to separate from the slurry and rise as foam and comprising a lower end to collect the solids; a first centrifuge in communication with the lower end of the first separator tank to receive and centrifuge the solids to further remove hydrocarbons therefrom, said first centrifuge comprising a fluid return to return fluids to the first separator tank; a second separator tank for receiving solids from the first centrifuge, said second separator tank comprising agitator means for agitating hydrocarbons to separate from the slurry and rise as foam and comprising a lower end to collect solids; a second centrifuge in communication with the lower end of the second separator tank to receive and centrifuge the solids to further remove hydrocarbons therefrom, said second centrifuge comprising a fluid return to return fluids to the second separator tank; and one or more settling tanks connected in series with each of said first and second separator tanks for further separation of hydrocarbons from fluid. Solids exiting the first and second centrifuges are at least 99% free of hydrocarbons.

Disclosed is a method for producing a paraffin wax, the method including a step of mixing an unrefined wax containing normal paraffin with a solvent of dipole term (p) is 4 to 8 and of hydrogen bonding term (h) is 3 to 10 of the Hansen Solubility Parameters, and obtaining a mixed liquid; and a step of separating a solid material from the mixed liquid and obtaining a paraffin wax in which the normal paraffin concentration is higher.

A process and system for treating fluid comprising water, radioactive particulate, dissolved ions, and a neutron absorber are provided. The fluid is received from a cutting zone for recover), of radioactive components. The process comprises receiving a fluid in a crystallization unit, the fluid comprising the water, the radioactive particulate, and the neutron absorber dissolved in the fluid; cooling the fluid below a freezing point of the fluid to form a first crystal comprising the water and to form a second crystal comprising the neutron absorber, the second crystal having a greater density than the first crystal; and separating the first crystal from the second crystal, the radioactive particulate, and the dissolved ions.

A heat storage apparatus according to the present disclosure includes a heat storage material and a member. The heat storage material forms a clathrate hydrate by cooling. The member has a surface with a plurality of holes. In the case that the lattice constant of the clathrate hydrate is denoted by L and the outside diameter of a cage included in the clathrate hydrate is denoted by D, the plurality of holes are spaced at intervals of 1L to 10L, and each of the plurality of holes has a hole diameter of 1D to 20D.