An ultra-thin anion exchange membrane incorporates functional additives to provide improved water management. Without the functional additives the ultra-thin membrane may have high cross-over and not be effective for many applications. A composite anion exchange membrane includes a porous scaffold support such as a porous polymer. The anion exchange polymer may be coupled to the porous scaffold, such as by being imbibed into the pores of the porous scaffold. The functional additives may contribute to increase water production, water retention, back-diffusion and reduce the gas crossover. A functional additive may include a reactive species, including a catalyst that reacts with oxygen or hydrogen, a plasticizer, a hygroscopic material and/or a radical scavenger.

Methods for removing an oxyanion from an aqueous source containing said oxyanion, comprising contacting said aqueous source with an aqueous-insoluble hydrophobic solution containing an oxyanion extractant compound dissolved in an aqueous-insoluble hydrophobic solvent to result in formation of an oxyanion salt of said extractant compound and extraction of said oxyanion salt into said aqueous-insoluble hydrophobic solution, wherein said extraction results in an extraction affinity (D) of said oxyanion of at least 1, wherein D is the concentration ratio of said oxyanion in the organic phase divided by the concentration of said oxyanion in the aqueous phase; wherein said extractant compound has the following composition:

##STR00001##

wherein at least one of R.sup.1-R.sup.10 is or contains a hydrocarbon (R) group containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms.

A weak base anion resin has alkylamine segments covalently bound to cross-linking segments, the alkylamine segments being selected from a group consisting of: vinylamine, N-methylvinylamine, N,N-dimethylvinylamine, N-methyl-N-ethylvinylamine, and N,N-diethylvinylamine, and the weak base anion resin including ions adsorbed to the alkylamine segments. A method for ion exchange includes providing a weak base anion resin, contacting the weak base anion resin with a solution containing ions to one of capture or adsorb ions from solution to the weak base anion resin, and regenerating the weak base anion resin. A method to capture and release an acid gas includes providing a weak base anion resin, contacting the weak base anion resin with a gas including an acid gas to one of capture or adsorb the acid gas from the gas to the weak base anion resin, and regenerating the weak base anion resin to release the acid gas.

A weak base anion resin has alkylamine segments covalently bound to cross-linking segments, the alkylamine segments being selected from a group consisting of: vinylamine, N-methylvinylamine, N,N-dimethylvinylamine, N-methyl-N-ethylvinylamine, and N,N-diethylvinylamine, and the weak base anion resin including ions adsorbed to the alkylamine segments. A method for ion exchange includes providing a weak base anion resin, contacting the weak base anion resin with a solution containing ions to one of capture or adsorb ions from solution to the weak base anion resin, and regenerating the weak base anion resin. A method to capture and release an acid gas includes providing a weak base anion resin, contacting the weak base anion resin with a gas including an acid gas to one of capture or adsorb the acid gas from the gas to the weak base anion resin, and regenerating the weak base anion resin to release the acid gas.

A mixture for forming an anion exchange membrane includes a rigid monomer, an active monomer, and a polymerization initiator. The active monomer includes an acrylate group and a functional group selected from the following: a cation group, a halide group configured to be substituted with a cation group, or a leaving group configured to be substituted with a cation group.

In a platinum group metal supported catalyst column, a platinum group metal supported catalyst is a catalyst in which at least one of platinum group metal nanoparticles, platinum group metal ions, and platinum group metal complex ions is supported on an ion exchanger, wherein the exchanger is composed of a continuous skeleton phase and a continuous pore phase, the thickness of the continuous skeleton is 1-100 ?m, the average diameter of the continuous pore is 1-1000 ?m, the total pore volume is 0.5-50 mL/g, the ion exchange capacity per weight in a dry state is 1-9 mg equivalent/g, and the ion exchanger is non-particulate organic porous ion exchanger in which the ion exchange groups are distributed in the ion exchanger, the amount of platinum group metal nanoparticles, etc., supported is 0.004-20 wt % in a dry state, and a platinum group metal scavenger is provided at the backward stage catalyst.

In a platinum group metal supported catalyst column, a platinum group metal supported catalyst is a catalyst in which at least one of platinum group metal nanoparticles, platinum group metal ions, and platinum group metal complex ions is supported on an ion exchanger, wherein the exchanger is composed of a continuous skeleton phase and a continuous pore phase, the thickness of the continuous skeleton is 1-100 ?m, the average diameter of the continuous pore is 1-1000 ?m, the total pore volume is 0.5-50 mL/g, the ion exchange capacity per weight in a dry state is 1-9 mg equivalent/g, and the ion exchanger is non-particulate organic porous ion exchanger in which the ion exchange groups are distributed in the ion exchanger, the amount of platinum group metal nanoparticles, etc., supported is 0.004-20 wt % in a dry state, and a platinum group metal scavenger is provided at the backward stage catalyst.

Disclosed herein are compositions of tricarbazole triazolophane (tricarb) of Formulas (I), (II) and (III): ##STR00001##
wherein R of Formula (I) is selected from a group consisting of alkyl (for example, C.sub.6-C.sub.18), alkyl-substituted phenyl derivatives, and substituted glycol derivatives, among others, or a combination thereof, and R, R and R of Formulas (II) and (III) are independently selected from a group consisting of alkyl (for example, C.sub.6 to C.sub.18), alkyl-substituted phenyl derivatives, and substituted glycol derivatives, or a combination thereof. The disclosure presents examples of thin films composed of the same as well as methods of binding anions from the same.

Disclosed herein are compositions of tricarbazole triazolophane (tricarb) of Formulas (I), (II) and (III): ##STR00001##
wherein R of Formula (I) is selected from a group consisting of alkyl (for example, C.sub.6-C.sub.18), alkyl-substituted phenyl derivatives, and substituted glycol derivatives, among others, or a combination thereof, and R, R and R of Formulas (II) and (III) are independently selected from a group consisting of alkyl (for example, C.sub.6 to C.sub.18), alkyl-substituted phenyl derivatives, and substituted glycol derivatives, or a combination thereof. The disclosure presents examples of thin films composed of the same as well as methods of binding anions from the same.

An ion-exchange composition suitable for use in ion exchange chromatography, comprising neutral vinyl polymer support particles irreversibly bound to a dispersant having ionizable sites which are un-ionized at a neutral pH and which are ionized under highly acidic or highly basic conditions, and fine layering particles functionalized with ion-exchanging sites on the surfaces thereof. A portion of the ionizable sites are ionized and bound electrostatically to a portion of the fine layering particles ion-exchanging sites, producing a support particle-dispersant-fine layering particle complex.