A method for open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product, includes the steps of determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a sum of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs energy) of all phases and/or phase fractions currently present in the metal product; determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model using the total enthalpy determined; and open-loop and/or closed-loop controlling of the heating of the metal product as a function of at least one output variable of the temperature calculation model.

The invention relates to a method for the open-loop and/or closed-loop control of a heating of a cast or rolled metal product, comprising the following steps: —determining the total enthalpy of the metal product from a total of the free molar enthalpies (Gibbs free energy) of all phases and/or phase fractions currently present in the metal product; —determining a temperature distribution within the metal product by means of a dynamic temperature calculation model by using the determined total enthalpy; and —open-loop and/or closed-loop controlling of the heating of the metal product according to at least one initial variable of the temperature calculation model.

An induction coil assembly associated with controlling the flow of molten material used in casting or deposition of precious and/or non-precious metals on a substrate is disclosed. The assembly comprises one or more induction coils associated with induction melting of electrically conductive material by applying a predetermined current value. The assembly further comprises a crucible comprising the electrically conductive material in which an electromagnetic field is generated therein by the predetermined current value applied to the induction coils. The electromagnetic field associated with the electrically conductive material is modulated; and is used to generate smaller units of the electrically conductive material by interrupting velocity of a flow of the material in order to produce grains or apply layers on the substrate. Corresponding methods are also disclosed.

The invention relates to a casting-rolling system (1) for generating a thin or ultra-thin band from a cast thin slab made of steel in batch or continuous operation, comprising at least one casting system (2a, 2b) for casting a thin slab with a casting thickness from 90 mm to 150 mm, preferably from 90 mm to 140 mm, particularly preferably from 100 mm to 130 mm, and a casting width of at least 600 mm, preferably at least 1000 mm, at least one continuous furnace (7a, 7b) arranged downstream of the at least one casting system (2a, 2b), as well as at least 7, preferably 8 roll stands (9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) arranged downstream of the continuous furnace (7a, 7b), wherein the at least one casting system (2a, 2b) comprises a casting mould (3a, 3b) with long sides spaced apart from one another by at least 90 mm to 150 mm, preferably 90 mm to 140 mm, particularly preferably 100 mm to 130 mm, and wherein the casting-rolling system (1) has no induction heater for reheating the cast thin slab and/or the rolled band. The invention also relates to a method for generating a thin or ultra-thin band, preferably by means of a casting-rolling system (1) of this type, wherein the thin slab and/or the band does not undergo any induction heating during the method for generating the thin or ultra-thin band.

A method for producing a metal product, wherein in a strand casting system, liquid metal is output as a slab from a mold vertically downward in a conveying direction, is guided along a strand guide, and is deflected into the horizontal, wherein the slab is heated in a furnace or inductively downstream of the stand casting system.

A continuous casting and rolling apparatus includes: a continuous casting device; a cutting device that is disposed at the output side of the continuous casting device and cuts an inner slab produced from the continuous casting device; a rolling device pressing down on the slab and disposed downstream of the continuous casting device in the moving direction of the inner slab; a tunnel furnace which is disposed between the cutting device and the rolling device and heats the slab disposed on the main path of the inner slab that is transferred from the continuous casting device to the rolling device; and a loading adjustment unit which is disposed adjacent to the tunnel furnace and unloads the slab from the main path from the outlet side of the tunnel furnace and loads the slab onto the main path from the inlet side of the tunnel furnace.

An apparatus for the continuous casting of thin slabs, having a strand guide, which is arranged downstream of a permanent mold in the casting direction and which guides the strand output from the permanent mold along a first direction, having an adjoining bending/straightening region, which a mechanism for driving and bending the strand in a second direction, which differs from the first direction, having a cutting device, which cuts the strand into thin slabs, and having a first furnace, which is provided for temperature compensation in the strand, wherein the first furnace extends in an arched manner at least partially over the bending/straightening region and in part along the second direction.

This application discloses thin metal strips and methods of making thin metal strip. Particular embodiments of such methods include cooling the thin metal strip to a temperature equal to or less than a bainite or a martensite start transformation temperature B.sub.S or M.sub.S to thereby form bainite and/or martensite, respectively, within the thin metal strip, reheating the thin metal strip to a reheat temperature equal to or greater than transformation temperature Ac.sub.3 and holding the thin metal strip at the reheat temperature for at least 2 seconds and thereby forming austenite within the thin metal strip with at least 75% of austenite grains having a grain size equal to or less than 15 m, and rapidly recooling the thin metal strip to a temperature equal to or less than the martensite start transformation temperature M.sub.S and thereby providing finer martensite within the thin metal strip from a finer prior austenite.

An induction coil assembly associated with controlling the flow of molten material used in casting or deposition of precious and/or non-precious metals on a substrate is disclosed. The assembly comprises one or more induction coils associated with induction melting of electrically conductive material by applying a predetermined current value. The assembly further comprises a crucible comprising the electrically conductive material in which an electromagnetic field is generated therein by the predetermined current value applied to the induction coils. The electromagnetic field associated with the electrically conductive material is modulated; and is used to generate smaller units of the electrically conductive material by interrupting velocity of a flow of the material in order to produce grains or apply layers on the substrate. Corresponding methods are also disclosed.

A high-carbon hot rolled steel sheet with excellent hardenability and small in-plane anisotropy, and a method for manufacturing the steel sheet are provided. The steel sheet has a chemical composition including, by mass %, C: 0.20 to 0.48%, Si: not more than 0.1%, Mn: not more than 0.5%, P: not more than 0.03%, S: not more than 0.01%, sol. Al: not more than 0.10%, N: not more than 0.005% and B: 0.0005 to 0.0050%, the balance including Fe and inevitable impurities. The steel sheet includes a microstructure containing ferrite and cementite. The cementite has an average grain size of not more than 1.0 m. The steel sheet has an in-plane anisotropy of r value, r, of not more than 0.1 in absolute value.