The present invention “A Molecular marker Nicotine Associated SNP 1 for identifying high or nicotine content of tobacco and its kit as well as use thereof” belongs to field of molecular biology technology. The molecular marker Nicotine Associated SNP 1 is a SNP Nitab4.5_0002539:95304 A/G at base No. 95304 of Genomic segment No. 0002539 in tobacco genome version of Nitab v4.5 Genome Scaffolds Edwards2017. The present invention can accurately identify and screen tobacco germplasm resources with high or low nicotine content, and the screened tobacco can be directly used for breeding new tobacco varieties without transgenic methods. At the same time, gene sequence where the SNP site is located can also significantly activate promoters of key enzyme genes in nicotine synthesis pathway.

The present invention “A Molecular marker Nicotine Associated SNP 1 for identifying high or nicotine content of tobacco and its kit as well as use thereof” belongs to field of molecular biology technology. The molecular marker Nicotine Associated SNP 1 is a SNP Nitab4.5_0002539:95304 A/G at base No. 95304 of Genomic segment No. 0002539 in tobacco genome version of Nitab v4.5 Genome Scaffolds Edwards2017. The present invention can accurately identify and screen tobacco germplasm resources with high or low nicotine content, and the screened tobacco can be directly used for breeding new tobacco varieties without transgenic methods. At the same time, gene sequence where the SNP site is located can also significantly activate promoters of key enzyme genes in nicotine synthesis pathway.

Described herein is an amino acid sequence having SEQ ID NO: 3, including a mutation from a Tryptophane to a Serine residue at position 445. Also described are nucleic acids encoding the amino acid sequence, and plants or seeds including the amino acid sequence such as a sorghum plant or seed. In an aspect, the plant or seed has enhanced resistance or tolerance to an HPPD herbicide.

A Bayesian multilevel whole-genome regression model is disclosed and its prediction performance compared to that of the popular BayesA model applied to each population separately (no pooling) and to the joined data set (complete pooling). For small population sizes (e.g., <50), partial pooling increased prediction accuracy over no or complete pooling for populations represented in the estimation set. Partial pooling with multilevel models can make optimal use of information in multi-population estimation sets.

A Bayesian multilevel whole-genome regression model is disclosed and its prediction performance compared to that of the popular BayesA model applied to each population separately (no pooling) and to the joined data set (complete pooling). For small population sizes (e.g., <50), partial pooling increased prediction accuracy over no or complete pooling for populations represented in the estimation set. Partial pooling with multilevel models can make optimal use of information in multi-population estimation sets.

The present invention is in the field of plant breeding and aphid resistance. More specifically, the invention includes a method for breeding soybean plants containing quantitative trait loci that are associated with resistance to aphids, Aphis glycines. The invention further includes method for monitoring the introgression quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring aphid resistance into elite germplasm in a breeding program.

A method for breeding a new germplasm of clubroot-resistant orange-heading Chinese cabbage includes: (1) obtaining F.sub.1 by hybridizing orange-heading Chinese cabbage as a female parent and clubroot-resistant Chinese cabbage as a male parent, obtaining F.sub.2 by selfing F.sub.1 individual plants, planting F.sub.2 populations, and extracting DNA from the individual plants of F.sub.2; (2) observing horticultural traits of F.sub.2, and performing observation and statistics of head color phenotypic traits through cutting head; (3) performing PCR amplification with DNA of F.sub.2 using a dominant orange gene marker Br530 and a clubroot-resistant marker SC2930-T/SC2930Q, and identifying a genotype of the individual plants; (4) performing a comprehensive evaluation according to the results of marker detection and the observation of horticultural traits, selecting double-site homozygous clubroot-resistant orange-heading Chinese cabbage plants, and selfing the individual plants for 2 consecutive generations; and (5) obtaining a new germplasm of clubroot-resistant orange-heading Chinese cabbage after selfing for 3 generations.

The present invention relates to a method for identifying and selecting plants resistant to a fungal disease comprising the steps of; (a) extraction of nucleic acid from a plant; (b) analysis of extracted nucleic acid for the presence of markers associated with increased fungal resistance within a single chromosome interval; and (c) selection of the plants that have these markers.

Furthermore, the invention also relates to a method for introgression into plants of fungal disease resistance alleles comprising the steps of; (a) crossing parents of plants identified by the first embodiment method with other parents that do not have this resistance; (b) select progenies possessing markers associated with increased resistance to fungal disease using the method as defined in the first achievement; and (c) backcross in one or more cycles the selected progenies with the recurrent genitor to develop new progenies.

The present invention relates to a method for identifying and selecting plants resistant to a fungal disease comprising the steps of; (a) extraction of nucleic acid from a plant; (b) analysis of extracted nucleic acid for the presence of markers associated with increased fungal resistance within a single chromosome interval; and (c) selection of the plants that have these markers.

Furthermore, the invention also relates to a method for introgression into plants of fungal disease resistance alleles comprising the steps of; (a) crossing parents of plants identified by the first embodiment method with other parents that do not have this resistance; (b) select progenies possessing markers associated with increased resistance to fungal disease using the method as defined in the first achievement; and (c) backcross in one or more cycles the selected progenies with the recurrent genitor to develop new progenies.

Exemplary methods for use in identifying crosses for use in plant breeding are disclosed. One exemplary method includes selecting a subgroup of potential crosses, based on thresholds associated with population prediction scores for the set of potential crosses. The exemplary method further includes selecting multiple target crosses from the subgroup of potential crosses based on a genetic relatedness of the parents in the subgroup of potential crosses, filtering the target crosses based on a rule (or rules) defining a threshold (or thresholds) for at least one characteristic and/or trait, selecting ones of the filtered target crosses based on risk associated with the selected one of the filtered target crosses, and directing the selected ones of the filtered target crosses into a breeding pipeline, thereby providing crosses to the breeding pipeline based, at least in part, on commercial success of parents included in the selected ones of the filtered crosses.