Water insoluble carbonates are utilized as adsorbents to remove phosphates from water flowing through an iron impregnated or coated foam. The iron impregnated or coated foam acts to improve the removal of phosphates as well as to remove nitrates and ammonia. A powdered carbonates/binder mixture, i.e. MgCO.sub.3 and/or La.sub.2(CO.sub.3).sub.3 mixed with cellulose, is formed into pellets then calcined. Aqueous phosphates adsorb onto the surface area of the pellet for eventual removal. Calcining the pellets removes the cellulose binder and opens the interior of the pellet up to provide additional surface area for adsorption. These pellets are placed within a porous bag and placed with water, preferably within a flow of water.

A composition for treating water including an organic soil amendment and having ions bound thereto is beneficial to aid in the removal of aqueous contaminants, such as phosphate, other phosphorus containing compounds, arsenic, arsenic containing compounds, fluorides, and PFAS from water. In these compositions the ions include rare earth cations, iron cations, and mixtures thereof. There are also methods for making these soil amendment compositions, as well as methods for using these compositions to effectively remove contaminants from water.

Systems and methods for separating hydrocarbons on an internal combustion powered vehicle via one or more metal organic frameworks are disclosed. Systems and methods can further include utilizing separated hydrocarbons and exhaust to generate hydrogen gas for use as fuel. In one aspect, a method for separating hydrocarbons can include contacting a first component containing a first metal organic framework with a flow of hydrocarbons and separating hydrocarbons by size. In certain embodiments, the hydrocarbons can include alkanes.

A Biorefinery System (BIOSYS) that effectively treats all human activity-derived waste (black water, grey water, and food waste streams) using biological systems and that produces as process by-products: recovered potable water, liberated free oxygen, edible protein cake (with and without lipids), soil amendments, and machinery lube oils. Additionally, the system captures and chemically binds carbon dioxide into microbial cells and associated by-products, thus producing recovered usable returned cabin air.

The present application provides a method for preparing lanthanide fluoride two-dimensional porous nanosheets and belongs to the field of novel materials. In the present application, mixing a water-soluble lanthanide metal salt and an aqueous solution of sodium acetate in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a mixed solution, and adding an aqueous solution of fluorine-containing salt to the mixed solution obtained for precipitation reaction to produce lanthanide fluoride two-dimensional porous nanosheets. In the preparation process provided by the present application, no additional surfactant or template agent needs to be added, the pollution of the surfactant to the surface of the prepared material is avoided and the tedious after-treatment steps to template agent are reduced. Accordingly, the large-scale production can be realized, and the lanthanide fluoride two-dimensional porous nanosheets constructed by nanoparticles are prepared in large scale by one step. Moreover, no other organic solvents are required, and the pollution to the environment during the preparation process is avoided.

The present disclosure relates to a substrate containing passive NO.sub.x adsorption (PNA) materials for treatment of gases, and washcoats for use in preparing such a substrate. Also provided are methods of preparation of the PNA materials, as well as methods of preparation of the substrate containing the PNA materials. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a coated substrate containing PNA materials for PNA systems, useful in the treatment of exhaust gases. Also disclosed are exhaust treatment systems, and vehicles, such as diesel or gasoline vehicles, particularly light-duty diesel or gasoline vehicles, using catalytic converters and exhaust treatment systems using the coated substrates.

An engine control system configured to operate an engine is configured to predict an expected duty cycle including an expected demand from the engine, and calculate two or more future operating conditions, each future operating condition including engine control parameters that, when used to control the engine, are expected to result in the engine meeting the expected demand. One of the future operating conditions is selected, and a present operation of the engine is adjusted in response to the selected future operating condition. A vehicle and/or offroad diesel apparatus may comprise the engine control system.

The present disclosure provides a method for removing a phosphorus compound from an aqueous medium. In one embodiment, the method includes: providing a rare-earth metal-modified carrier; and contacting the rare-earth metal-modified carrier with an aqueous medium including the phosphorus compound under conditions effective to remove at least a portion of the phosphorus compound from the aqueous medium.

A cold start-compatible urea SCR system using an exhaust gas purification device, the exhaust gas purification device including a diesel fuel injection means, a DOC, a lean NOx trap release material (LNTR), a urea water injection means, an catalyst of selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and a measurement and control means, the DOC and LNTR being supported on a support in an upper-lower or a front-rear divided manner, the DOC being located in an upper layer or a lower layer, or on a front side, the LNTR being located in an upper layer or a lower layer, or on the rear side.

Functionalized filter materials consist of carbons and ceramic substrates for special antimicrobial, phase transfer, and catalytic properties and the method of preparation thereof. The filters are coated with different types of inorganic and polymer impregnates for specific applications in air and water pollution control and catalysis. The substrates are activated by special processes and the impregnates may be reacted with certain redox systems to help increase their efficacy.