Systems and methods for eliminating carbon dioxide and capturing solid carbon are disclosed. By eliminating carbon dioxide gas, e.g., from an effluent exhaust stream of a fossil fuel fired electric power production facility, the inventive concepts presented herein represent an environmentally-clean solution that permanently eliminates greenhouse gases while at the same time producing captured solid carbon products that are useful in various applications including advanced composite material synthesis (e.g., carbon fiber, 3D graphene) and energy storage (e.g., battery technology). Capture of solid carbon during the disclosed process for eliminating greenhouse gasses avoids the inefficiencies and risks associated with conventional carbon dioxide sequestration. Colocation of the disclosed reactor with a fossil fuel fired power production facility brings to bear an environmentally beneficial, and financially viable approach for permanently capturing vast amounts of solid carbon from carbon dioxide gas and other greenhouse gases that would otherwise be released into Earth's biosphere.

The disclosure provides a method for forming noble metal nanostructures on a support. The method comprises mixing one or more noble metal precursor with a first solvent and a base to obtain a noble metal precursor solution; feeding the noble metal precursor solution to a spiral tube reactor; heating the spiral tube reactor containing the noble metal precursor solution to reduce the one or more noble metal precursor to obtain noble metal nanostructures; and mixing a support ink with the noble metal nanostructures obtained after heating, wherein the support ink comprises a second solvent, the support and an ink acid. There are also provided noble metal nanostructures on a support and a use thereof as an electro-catalyst in an electrode for fuel cell applications.

Disclosed apparatuses, systems, and materials relate to the disassociation of feedstock species (such as those in gaseous form) into constituent components, and may include an energy generator configured to provide a microwave energy. A first chamber defines a first volume and is configured to guide the microwave energy along the first chamber as a sinusoidal wave having an energy maxima at a point along the first chamber. A second chamber contains a plasma plume and is positioned substantially proximal to the first chamber, and is configured to enable propagation of the microwave energy through the first chamber and the second chamber such that the microwave energy demonstrates, at a radial center of the second chamber, a coaxial energy maxima configured to ignite the plasma plume contained in the second chamber. Carbon-containing materials may be formed by controlling flow parameters of the feedstock species into the first or second chamber.

Presented in the present disclosure are nanocomposites and rechargeable batteries which are resistant to thermal runaway and are safe, reliable, and stable electrode materials for rechargeable batteries operated at high temperature and high pressure. The nanocomposites include a plurality of transition metal oxide nanoparticles, a plurality of ultrathin sheets of a first two-dimensional (2D) material, and a plurality of ultrathin sheets of a different 2D material, which act in synergy to provide an improved thermal stability, an increased surface area, and enhanced electrochemical properties to the nanocomposites. For example, rechargeable batteries that include the nanocomposites as an electrode material have an enhanced performance and stability over a broad temperature range from room temperature to high temperatures. These batteries fill an important need by providing a safe and reliable power source for devices operated at high temperatures and pressures such as downhole equipment used in the oil industry.

Mechanical stirred bed reactors that incorporate a screen are described. Methods of using such reactors to process perfluoropolymers to form perfluorinated olefin monomers are also described. The reactors and methods may be used to upcycle filled perfluorinated materials.

The present disclosure provides an opening-closing type microwave catalytic reaction apparatus, including a microwave system, a microwave cavity, a protective cover, a cooling system, and a vertical furnace tube, where two ends of the furnace tube are respectively stretched out of the microwave cavity, the microwave system includes a plurality of microwave transmitting units, and the microwave transmitting unit includes a microwave transmitter; the furnace tube is provided with a gas inlet on a top and a gas outlet on a bottom; a compression hinge and a cavity cover capable of being opened or closed are arranged on the microwave cavity, a convex edge plate is disposed at an edge of the cavity cover, the compression hinge can compress the cavity cover such that the convex edge plate is tightly attached to a concave edge plate on the microwave cavity, and the protective cover can cover the entire cavity cover.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a microwave reactor including a container for storing a bath fluid, a tube including an inlet at one end through which a target fluid is introduced, an outlet at another end through which the target fluid is discharged, wherein at least a portion of the tube is submerged in the bath fluid, and at least one radiator located outside the container and configured to irradiate microwaves into the container.

A system and method are provided for the separation of hydrogen from natural gas feedstock to form hydrocarbon radicals. Aspects of the system include perpendicular magnetic and electric fields, a method of radical formation that separates hydrogen from the reaction process, and a separation method based on centrifugal forces and phase transitions. The gases rotate in the chamber due to the Lorentz force without any mechanical motion. Rotation separates gases and liquids by centrifugal force. The lighter species are collected from the mid region endpoint of the apparatus and fed back for further reaction. A new concept of controlled turbulence is introduced to mix various species. A novel magnetic field device is introduced comprised of two specially magnetized cylinders. A novel control of temperatures, pressures, electron densities and profiles by, RF, microwaves, UV and rotation frequency are possible especially when atomic, molecular, cyclotron resonances are taken into account. The electrodes can be coated with catalysts; the entire apparatus can be used as a new type of chemical reactor.

One object of the present disclosure is to provide a production method of magnesium hydride that is free of carbon dioxide and has high production efficiency, a power generation system that does not emit carbon dioxide or radiation using magnesium hydride, and an apparatus for producing magnesium hydride; therefore, the method for producing magnesium hydride of the present disclosure comprises a procedure for irradiating a magnesium compound different from magnesium hydride with hydrogen plasma, and a procedure for depositing a magnesium product containing magnesium hydride on a depositor for depositing magnesium hydride disposed within the range in which hydrogen plasma is present, wherein the surface temperature of the depositor is kept no more than a predetermined temperature at which magnesium hydride precipitates.

Synthesizing upconverting nanoparticles includes heating a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the upconverting nanoparticles. Core-shell upconverting nanoparticles are synthesized by combining the upconverting nanoparticles with a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer to yield a nanoparticle mixture, heating the nanoparticle mixture in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the core-shell upconverting nanoparticles.