A method of monitoring a solid component of a reactor feed stream in a polymer production system, comprising (a) measuring a turbidity of the reactor feed stream, wherein the reactor feed stream comprises a solid component of a polymerization catalyst system, and (b) translating the turbidity of the reactor feed stream into a concentration of the solid component in the reactor feed stream. A method of monitoring a solid component of a reactor feed stream in a polymer production system, comprising (a) measuring a turbidity of a precontactor feed stream, wherein the precontactor feed stream comprises a solid component of a polymerization catalyst system, and (b) translating the turbidity of the precontactor feed stream into a concentration of the solid component in a precontactor effluent stream, wherein the precontactor effluent stream comprises the reactor feed stream.

Methods for simultaneously determining the concentrations of transition metal compounds in solutions containing two or more transition metal compounds are described. Polymerization reactor systems providing real-time monitoring and control of the concentrations of the transition metal components of a multicomponent catalyst system are disclosed, as well as methods for operating such polymerization reactor systems, and for improving methods of preparing the multicomponent catalyst system.

A reactor as a heat treatment device includes heat transfer structures removably placed in first flow channels, a first information acquisition unit connected to the inlet side of the first flow channels to acquire information for specifying a temperature and a flow rate of the first fluid which are reference conditions after lapses of time, a second information acquisition unit connected to the outlet side of the first flow channels to acquire the information for specifying the temperature of the first fluid after each lapse of time, and a control unit that calculates a heat exchange amount after each lapse of time in accordance with the temperature and the flow rate specified according to the information acquired by the first information acquisition unit and the second information acquisition unit, so as to estimate a service life of the heat transfer structures in accordance with the heat exchange amount.

A reactor as a heat treatment device includes heat transfer structures removably placed in first flow channels, a first information acquisition unit connected to the inlet side of the first flow channels to acquire information for specifying a temperature and a flow rate of the first fluid which are reference conditions after lapses of time, a second information acquisition unit connected to the outlet side of the first flow channels to acquire the information for specifying the temperature of the first fluid after each lapse of time, and a control unit that calculates a heat exchange amount after each lapse of time in accordance with the temperature and the flow rate specified according to the information acquired by the first information acquisition unit and the second information acquisition unit, so as to estimate a service life of the heat transfer structures in accordance with the heat exchange amount.

Methods and systems for solution polymerization. The method can include forming a first mixture stream consisting essentially of at least one catalyst and a process solvent, and forming a second mixture stream consisting essentially of at least one activator and the process solvent. The first mixture stream and the second mixture stream can be fed separately to at least one reaction zone comprising one or more monomers dissolved in the process solvent where the at least one monomers can be polymerized within the at least one reaction zone in the presence of the catalyst, activator and process solvent to produce a polymer product.

An engine assembly includes a diesel internal combustion engine and an aftertreatment system coupled to the diesel internal combustion engine. The aftertreatment system includes a diesel oxidation catalyst coupled to the diesel internal combustion engine such that the diesel oxidation catalyst receives exhaust gases from the diesel internal combustion engine. The aftertreatment system includes a plasma generator in fluid communication with the diesel oxidation catalyst, wherein the plasma generator is upstream of the diesel oxidation catalyst and downstream of the diesel internal combustion engine, and the plasma generator is configured to generate oxidizers to at least partially oxidize hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases exiting the diesel internal combustion engine.

A method for process monitoring and control of a chemical reactor in which a chemical reaction utilizing a halogenated selectivity modifier is performed includes: measuring a level of halogenated components in an inlet stream of a reactor inlet; measuring a level of halogenated components in an outlet stream of a reactor outlet; based on the level of halogenated components at the inlet stream and the outlet stream, determining a process performance indicator associated with a halogenated component; and adjusting an amount of halogenated selectivity modifier added to the reactor based on the process performance indicator.

Method and apparatus for synthesizing compounds by a low temperature plasma dual-electric field aided gas phase reaction are provided. The method utilizes two different electrode corona discharge fields in a plasma aided reactor to form a plasma dual-electric field, using electric energy to convert gas into gas molecules, atoms, ions and/or free radicals, and then reforming and reducing to obtain organic compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, higher carbon ethers, higher carbon alcohols, higher carbon esters, lower carbon alcohols, and the like; also inorganic compounds such as N.sub.2, O.sub.2, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, NH.sub.3, and the like. The apparatus includes a reactor having a plasma region of two different corona discharge fields, wherein an alternating current corona discharge field or a positive corona discharge field is set in the first electric field, and a negative corona discharge field is set in the second electric field.

Systems and methods for monitoring a particle/fluid mixture are provided. The method can include flowing a mixture comprising charged particles and a fluid past a particle accumulation probe. The method can also include measuring electrical signals detected by the probe as some charged particles pass the probe without contacting the probe while other charged particles contact the probe. The measured electrical signals can be manipulated to provide an output. The method can also include determining from the output if the charged particles contacting the probe have, on average, a different charge than the charged particles that pass the probe without contacting the probe.

An engine assembly includes a diesel internal combustion engine and an aftertreatment system coupled to the diesel internal combustion engine. The aftertreatment system includes a diesel oxidation catalyst coupled to the diesel internal combustion engine such that the diesel oxidation catalyst receives exhaust gases from the diesel internal combustion engine. The aftertreatment system includes a plasma generator in fluid communication with the diesel oxidation catalyst, wherein the plasma generator is upstream of the diesel oxidation catalyst and downstream of the diesel internal combustion engine, and the plasma generator is configured to generate oxidizers to at least partially oxidize hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases exiting the diesel internal combustion engine.