In an example of the method, a functionalized coating layer is applied in depressions of a patterned flow cell substrate. The depressions are separated by interstitial regions. A primer is grafted to the functionalized coating layer to form a grafted functionalized coating layer in the depressions. A hydrogel is applied on at least the grafted functionalized coating layer.

There is disclosed an electrode array architecture employing continuous and discontinuous circumferential electrodes. There is further disclosed a process for the neutralization of acid generated at anode(s) by base generated at cathode(s) circumferentially located to each other so as to confine a region of pH change. The cathodes can be displayed as concentric rings (continuous) or as counter electrodes in a cross pattern (discontinuous). In this way reagents, such as acid, generated in a center electrode are countered (neutralized) by reagents, such as base, generated at the corners or at the outer ring.

Methods and compositions are disclosed relating to the localization of nucleic acids to arrays such as silane-free arrays, and of sequencing the nucleic acids localized thereby.

There is disclosed an electrode array architecture employing continuous and discontinuous circumferential electrodes. There is further disclosed a process for the neutralization of acid generated at anode(s) by base generated at cathode(s) circumferentially located to each other so as to confine a region of pH change. The cathodes can be displayed as concentric rings (continuous) or as counter electrodes in a cross pattern (discontinuous). In this way reagents, such as acid, generated in a center electrode are countered (neutralized) by reagents, such as base, generated at the corners or at the outer ring.

In an example of the method, a functionalized coating layer is applied in depressions of a patterned flow cell substrate. The depressions are separated by interstitial regions. A primer is grafted to the functionalized coating layer to form a grafted functionalized coating layer in the depressions. A hydrogel is applied on at least the grafted functionalized coating layer.

A microarray is designed to capture one or more molecules of interest at each of a plurality of sites on a substrate. The sites comprise base pads, such as polymer base pads, that promote the attachment of the molecules at the sites. The microarray may be made by one or more patterning techniques to create a layout of base pads in a desired pattern. Further, the microarrays may include features to encourage clonality at the sites.

There is disclosed a process for in vitro synthesis and assembly of long, gene-length polynucleotides based upon assembly of multiple shorter oligonucleotides synthesized in situ on a microarray platform. Specifically, there is disclosed a process for in situ synthesis of oligonucleotide fragments on a solid phase microarray platform and subsequent, on device assembly of larger polynucleotides composed of a plurality of shorter oligonucleotide fragments.

Provided herein are monoliths with attached recognition compounds which selectively bind ligands, methods of preparing such monoliths, arrays thereof and uses thereof. For example, monoliths provided herein can be used in columns and arrays thereof.

There is disclosed an electrode array device having an adsorbed porous reaction layer for improved synthesis quality. The array comprises a plurality of electrodes on a substrate, wherein the electrodes are electronically connected to a computer control system. The array has an adsorbed porous reaction layer on the plurality of electrodes, wherein the adsorbed porous reaction layer comprises a chemical species having at least one hydroxyl group. In the preferred embodiment, the reaction layer is sucrose. A method for preparing an electrode array for improved synthesis quality is disclosed. The method comprises a cleaning method and a method of attachment of a reaction layer. The cleaning method comprises a plasma cleaning method and a chemical cleaning method. The reaction layer is attached after cleaning by exposing the microarray to a solution containing the chemical species having at least one hydroxyl group.

There is provided a sol-gel chip using a porous substrate for entrapping small molecules and a method for screening a small molecule-specific material using the same, and more particularly, a porous substrate sol-gel chip characterized in that a sol-gel composition for entrapping small molecules is spotted on a surface of the porous substrate, a method for manufacturing the porous substrate sol-gel chip for entrapping small molecules, and a method for screening a material specifically binding to the small molecules using the porous substrate sol-gel chip for entrapping small molecules. According to the present invention, the small molecules can be effectively entrapped in the chip and the inflow of aptamers can be maintained as compared with the existing methods and thus aptamers specific to an extensive range of small molecules can be more easily selected.