A liquid discharging head includes a nozzle configured to discharge liquid, a pressure chamber communicated with the nozzle, and an individual channel communicated with the pressure chamber through a narrow part. The liquid discharging head also includes a common channel communicated with the individual channel, an energy generation element configured to generate energy, and a diaphragm configured to convey the energy to the pressure chamber. A metal oxide film is formed at inner walls of the nozzle, the pressure chamber, the narrow part, the diaphragm, and the individual channel, and a hydroxyl group has come out from the metal oxide film.

A nozzle plate includes a nozzle base member including a plurality of nozzle holes formed therethrough, the plurality of nozzle holes serving as nozzles that discharge droplets; and a liquid-repellent film of a liquid-repellent material formed on a droplet discharge surface of the nozzle base member, the liquid-repellent material containing a liquid-repellent group. Each of the plurality of nozzle holes includes a straight hole part, the straight hole part extending from the droplet discharge surface of the nozzle base member and having a constant diameter in a thickness direction of the nozzle base member. The liquid-repellent group contained in the liquid-repellent material is attached to an inner nozzle wall of the straight hole part. When the nozzle hole is supplied with pure water, a meniscus of the pure water stays in the straight hole part.

A liquid discharging head includes a discharge port, an electric wiring substrate, a first resin, a support member, and an element substrate having first and second surfaces, an energy generating element, and a terminal. The discharge port is provided on the first surface, and the terminal is provided on the second surface. When viewed from a direction perpendicular to the second surface, the element substrate includes a first region in which the discharge port is provided and a second region provided along one side of the element substrate and having a thickness thinner than that of the first region. The terminal is provided in the second region. The first resin covers a connection portion between the terminal and an electric wiring substrate. A second resin is disposed to be in contact with the first resin and the support member in a region overlapping the second region.

A manufacturing method of a joined body in which a plurality of structures are joined to each other, the method including forming of an adhesive layer on one face of a medium; adjusting of viscosity of the adhesive layer formed in the forming of the adhesive layer; transcribing the adhesive layer of which viscosity is adjusted in the adjusting of viscosity to the structure; and measuring of surface roughness of the adhesive layer on a transcribing film in a stage before the transcribing.

A joining method includes a process of applying a joining material including a thermosetting resin to a member. The joining material includes an addition-type silicone resin. The joining material includes one or more kinds selected from the group consisting of a methyl-based straight silicone resin, a phenyl-based silicone resin, and a modified silicone resin.

A method for forming piezoelectric transducers for inkjet printheads includes: forming at least one piezoelectric layer on a substrate; forming at least one electrode pattern by depositing a conductive material on an exposed surface of the at least one piezoelectric layer; and forming a plurality of individual piezoelectric elements from the at least one piezoelectric layer before or after the forming of the at least one electrode pattern.

An electromechanical transducer element includes a first electrode; an electromechanical transducer film stacked on one surface of the first electrode; a second electrode stacked on the electromechanical transducer film; and wiring formed on the second electrode. In an at least one cross section, each of a boundary, on a second electrode side, of the electromechanical transducer film and a boundary, on a side opposite to the electromechanical transducer film, of the second electrode is a curved shape protruding away from the first electrode. In the at least one cross section, each of a film thickness of the electromechanical transducer film and a film thickness of the second electrode becomes thinner toward end portions from a maximum height portion.

The piezoelectric body is configured to have a layered structure such that a plurality of unit layers are stacked in a film thickness direction, and each of the unit layers is formed of a first layer on which the displacement is relatively easy to occur, and a second layer which has a high concentration of Zr as compared with the first layer. In addition, when composition ratio Ti/(Zr+Ti) of Zr to Ti in each of the first layer and the second layer is set as Cr1 and Cr2, the composition ratio of each layer is adjusted so as to satisfy the following conditions (1) to (3):
0.41?Cr1?0.81(1)
0.1?Cr1?Cr2?0.3(2)
Cr1>Cr2(3).

A piezoelectric device includes a substrate in which a plurality of spaces are arranged so as to be partitioned by a plurality of walls, and a defining member defining a portion of each of the spaces in such a way as to cross between adjacent walls being among the walls and corresponding to the each of the spaces on one face of the substrate, a plurality of piezoelectric elements formed in such a way as to be each associated with a corresponding one of the spaces. a width of each of the walls denoted by a sign a, a height of each of the walls denoted by a sign b, a thickness of the defining member denoted by a sign t, and a size of each of movable regions denoted by the sign L satisfy a formula, tL.sup.4/(ab.sup.3)510.sup.5.

A liquid discharge apparatus includes a plurality of nozzle arrays and circuitry. The nozzle arrays discharge a plurality of droplets having different volumes onto a recording medium at mutually different times. The circuitry controls a discharge operation to discharge the droplets. The circuitry causes a nozzle array of the nozzle arrays to discharge a droplet, of the droplets, of a first reference amount, and causes another nozzle array of the nozzle arrays to discharge a droplet, of the droplets, of a second reference amount greater than the first reference amount to land later than the droplet of the first reference amount.