Compositions and methods are presented that reduce the risk for ARDS and/or need for ventilation in a patient diagnosed with a coronavirus, and particularly SARS-CoV-2 virus, a SARS virus, or a MERS virus. In preferred aspects, HMW-HA is administered to the lung before onset of ARDS and/or cytokine storm. Additionally, NAD+ may be co-administered or prophylactically administered where NAD.sup.+levels are low.

A method in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention includes increasing a concentration of a modified or unmodified saccharide within a subject's skin, applying an applicator to the subject's skin, and cooling the subject's skin via a heat-transfer surface of the applicator. The saccharide within the subject's skin can enhance a resistance of at least some cells within the subject's skin to damage associated with the cooling. A corresponding system includes the applicator, the saccharide, and an energy-delivery device. The energy-delivery device can be configured to apply ultrasound, optical, thermal, or another type of energy to the subject's skin to drive the saccharide into the subject's skin. The system can also include a penetration enhancer configured to enhance penetration of the saccharide into the subject's skin. The penetration enhancer can be applied with the saccharide or separately.

A method in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention includes increasing a concentration of a modified or unmodified saccharide within a subject's skin, applying an applicator to the subject's skin, and cooling the subject's skin via a heat-transfer surface of the applicator. The saccharide within the subject's skin can enhance a resistance of at least some cells within the subject's skin to damage associated with the cooling. A corresponding system includes the applicator, the saccharide, and an energy-delivery device. The energy-delivery device can be configured to apply ultrasound, optical, thermal, or another type of energy to the subject's skin to drive the saccharide into the subject's skin. The system can also include a penetration enhancer configured to enhance penetration of the saccharide into the subject's skin. The penetration enhancer can be applied with the saccharide or separately.

The present invention provides a new type of galacto-oligosaccharide, having a mannose residue instead of a glucose residue at the reducing end. The invention also relates to compositions comprising this galacto-oligosaccharide, its preparation and use in nutritional compositions.

The present invention provides a new type of galacto-oligosaccharide, having a mannose residue instead of a glucose residue at the reducing end. The invention also relates to compositions comprising this galacto-oligosaccharide, its preparation and use in nutritional compositions.

The invention provides a D-psicose crystal and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises: adding a seed crystal to a D-psicose solution and stirring uniformly, subjecting the solution to crystallization by gradient cooling and constant-temperature crystallization alternately at 50-30° C., stopping the crystallization until the temperature of the solution is 30° C., separating the crystal by centrifugation, washing and drying, to obtain a D-psicose crystal. Rather than evaporative crystallization, organic solvent-assisted crystallization and ultrasonication, controllable crystallization by gradient cooling, constant-temperature crystallization, and other technical means are employed. Thus, the invention has low requirements for equipment, simple process, low energy consumption, and low preparation cost, and thus particularly suitable for large-scale industrial production and processing. The purity of the D-psicose crystal obtained is ≥98.5%, 80% by weight or more of the crystal has a grain size in the range of 20-40 meshes, and the yield per crystallization is ≥70%.

Disclosed herein are compounds having a structure according to Formula I and optionally Formula IV.

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The compounds may be radiolabeled compounds useful for diagnosis and/or imaging fungal infections. In such embodiments, at least one substituent is a radionuclide, such as .sup.18F. Also disclosed are precursor compounds according to Formula I and/or IV that are useful for making the radiolabeled compounds. In such embodiments, the precursor compound comprises at least one leaving group suitable for introducing a radionuclide, such as .sup.18F, at a desired position.

Also disclosed are methods for making and using the compounds, including embodiments of a method for imaging and/or diagnosing a fungal infection in a subject.

An object of the present invention is to provide a new means for suppressing inhibition of proliferation of keratinocytes even when the keratinocytes start to come into contact with each other. The present invention solves the above problem by culturing keratinocytes in contact with a common medium with fibroblasts treated with a composition containing a specific compound.

The present invention relates to a method for producing anhydrous galactose derived from seaweed, and provides an improved production yield of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (AHG) from agarose or agar through multiple steps involving acid hydrolysis of agar or agarose for producing agarobiose, neutralization of the acid hydrolysate, and purification of AHG using a microorganism metabolizing galactose after enzymatic hydrolysis of agarobiose.

The present invention relates to a method for producing anhydrous galactose derived from seaweed, and provides an improved production yield of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (AHG) from agarose or agar through multiple steps involving acid hydrolysis of agar or agarose for producing agarobiose, neutralization of the acid hydrolysate, and purification of AHG using a microorganism metabolizing galactose after enzymatic hydrolysis of agarobiose.