In an aspect, a method is disclosed that includes contacting a composition with an aqueous solution to yield a mixture, where the composition includes one or more of animal fats, animal oils, plant fats, plant oils, vegetable fats, vegetable oils, greases, and used cooking oil, about 5 wt. % or more of free fatty acids, about 10 wppm or more of total metals, about 8 wppm or more phosphorus, about 20 wppm or more of nitrogen, and the aqueous solution includes ((NH.sub.4).sub.2H.sub.2EDTA, (NH.sub.4).sub.4EDTA, a monoammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a diammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a triammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a tetraammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, (NH.sub.4).sub.5DTPA, a combination of citric acid and Na.sub.4EDTA, a combination of citric acid and Na.sub.2H.sub.2EDTA, a combination of citric acid and a monosodium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a combination of citric acid and a disodium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a combination of citric acid and a trisodium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a combination of citric acid and a tetrasodium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, a combination of citric acid and Na.sub.5DTPA, or a combination of any two or more thereof, where the method further includes centrifuging the mixture to yield a first treated composition, wherein the first treated composition has less total metals and less phosphorus than the composition.

A bio-renewable conversion process for making fuel from bio-renewable feedstocks is combined with a hydrogen production process that includes recovery of CO.sub.2. The integrated process uses a purge gas stream comprising hydrogen from the bio-renewable hydrocarbon production process in the hydrogen production process.

A process and apparatus are disclosed for hydrocracking a hydrocarbon feed in a hydrocracking unit and hydrotreating a vaporous hydrocracked stream. The hydrotreated effluent stream can be separated and stripped to produce a ULSD stream fit for storage without further processing. The hydrocracked liquid stream can be stripped and fractionated to produce a diesel stream that can be transported to the hydrotreating unit.

A hydrocracking process for converting a petroleum feed to lower boiling products. The process comprises hydrotreating a petroleum feed in a pre-treating zone in the presence of hydrogen to produce a hydrotreated effluent stream comprising a liquid product. At least a portion of the hydrotreated effluent stream is then passed to an MMS catalyst zone, and then to a hydrocracking zone. In one embodiment, the MMS catalyst zone comprises a self-supported multi-metallic catalyst prepared from a precursor in the oxide or hydroxide form. The percentage work of the hydrotreating in the pre-treating zone is maintained at a level of at least 56%.

The present invention provides a method for processing low-grade heavy oil, comprising: providing a riser-bed reactor; preheating the low-grade heavy oil and injecting it into the riser reactor to react with solid catalyst particles at the temperature of 550-610° C.; oil-gas, after reacting with the solid catalyst particles in the riser reactor, being introduced into the fluidized bed reactor to continue to react at temperature of 440-520° C. and weight hourly space velocity of 0.5-5 h.sup.−1; and the oil-gas, after reacting in the fluidized bed reactor, being separated from coked solid catalyst particles carried therein, and the separated oil-gas being introduced into a fractionation system. The method can effectively remove carbon residues, heavy metals, asphaltenes and other impurities from the low-grade heavy oil, and obtain high liquid product yield in a simple process.

The invention relates to a method of making a reinforced catalytic microporous and/or mesoporous bound composition comprising the steps of: providing a pre-formed catalytic crystalline material; mixing the catalytic crystalline material with water, a metal oxide binder, and a reinforcing glass fiber to form an extrudable composition; extruding the extrudable slurry under conditions sufficient to form the reinforced catalytic bound extrudate; and calcining the reinforced catalytic bound extrudate at a temperature and for a time sufficient to form a calcined reinforced catalytic bound catalyst. Advantageously, the reinforcing glass fiber can have a diameter from 5-100 microns and a length-to-diameter ratio from 300:1-3000:1 and can be present in an amount from about 1-50 parts, based on about 1000 parts combined of catalytic crystalline material and metal oxide binder.

Integrated processes for upgrading crude shale-derived oils, such as those produced by oil shale retorting or by in situ extraction or combinations thereof. Processes disclosed provide for a split-flow processing scheme to upgrade whole shale oil. The split flow concepts described herein, i.e., naphtha and kerosene hydrotreating in one or more stages and gas oil hydrotreating in one or more stages, requires additional equipment as compared to the alternative approach of whole oil hydrotreating. While contrary to conventional wisdom as requiring more capital equipment to achieve the same final product specifications, the operating efficiency vis a vis on-stream time efficiency and product quality resulting from the split flow concept far exceed in value the somewhat incrementally higher capital expenditure costs.

A highly-dispersed hydrogenation catalyst, a preparation method thereof, and use thereof in the preparation of biofuel from palm oil or other oil are provided. The combination of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MA-PP) and a silane coupling agent (SCA) is introduced into an aluminum oxide composite carrier through organic amidation to obtain a uniformly-dispersed composite carrier with regular pores. Moreover, through a multi-stage impregnation and roasting process, a particle size of an active component is greatly reduced, and the dispersion of the active component and the number of active sites are improved. A hydrogenation catalyst with high hydrothermal stability, high hydrogenation activity, and long life is prepared based on the composite carrier with regular pores and used in the preparation of biofuel from vegetable oil or other oil through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), which has great industrial application value.

The invention relates to a process for producing energy products, notably fuel, by catalytic cracking of a hydrocarbon-based solid material without coke formation, in which a cracking dispersion (40) is heated, said dispersion comprising: a solid material (1) in divided form containing at least one hydrocarbon-based compound; a liquid (30) which is inert with respect to catalytic cracking;
so that the cracking dispersion (40) reaches a temperature suitable for allowing catalytic cracking of at least one hydrocarbon-based compound;
characterized in that the cracking temperature is reached by mixing an amount of cracking dispersion (40) and an amount of inert liquid (30) brought to a temperature above the cracking temperature, such that the mixture formed reaches a temperature above the cracking temperature and below the temperature for formation of coke, dioxin and furan. The invention also relates to a device for performing such a process.

The invention relates to a process for adding an organic compound to a porous solid wherein the porous solid and the organic compound in the liquid state are brought together simultaneously, without physical contact between the solid and the organic compound in the liquid state, at a temperature below the boiling point of the organic compound and under pressure and time conditions such that a fraction of said organic compound is transferred gaseously to the porous solid.