The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula I (I), wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, fluoro or chloro; which process comprises a) reacting a compound of formula II (II), wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, fluoro or chloro; with a nitration agent to the compound of formula (III), wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, fluoro or chloro; and b) reacting the compound of formula III with chlorine gas at temperature from 180? C. to 250? C. to the compound of formula I. ##STR00001##

Provided is a method of producing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). According to the method, MPLA may be produced with high purity and high purity by using a bacterium producing MPLA.

Provided is a method of producing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). According to the method, MPLA may be produced with high purity and high purity by using a bacterium producing MPLA.

The subject invention provides safe, environmentally-friendly compositions and efficient methods for flocculation. More specifically, the subject invention provides compositions derived from microorganisms for flocculation, which can be used for increasing the rate of flocculation and/or the amount of agglomerated particles.

The present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism which is modified to be capable of producing diosmin and hesperidin and to the use thereof for producing diosmin and/or hesperidin.

A compound, represented by formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are independently of one another a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear or branched alkyl, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear or branched alkenyl, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear or branched alkynyl; R.sub.3 is a hydrogen atom, OR.sub.4 or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear or branched alkyl, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear or branched alkenyl, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear or branched alkynyl; and n=4 to 11; its functions and isolation process thereof.

The present invention provides N-acetyl derivatives of sialic acids, including N-acetyl derivatives of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. Methods for preparing related precursors and a variety of sialosides are also disclosed.

The present invention provides N-acetyl derivatives of sialic acids, including N-acetyl derivatives of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. Methods for preparing related precursors and a variety of sialosides are also disclosed.

The invention is directed to methods involved in the production of flavonoids, anthocyanins and other organic compounds. The invention provides cells engineered for the production of flavonoids, anthocyanins and other organic compounds, where the engineered cells include one or more genetic modifications that increase flavonoid production by increasing metabolic flux to flavonoid precursors and/or reducing carbon losses resulting from the production of byproducts.

The invention is directed to methods involved in the production of flavonoids, anthocyanins and other organic compounds. The invention provides cells engineered for the production of flavonoids, anthocyanins and other organic compounds, where the engineered cells include one or more genetic modifications that increase flavonoid production by increasing metabolic flux to flavonoid precursors and/or reducing carbon losses resulting from the production of byproducts.