Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to analyte determining methods and devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that have a sensing surface that includes two or more sensing elements disposed laterally to each other, where the sensing surface is on a working electrode of in vivo and/or in vitro analyte sensors, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using analyte sensors and/or test strips. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

NADP-dependent oxidoreductase compositions, and electrodes, sensors and systems that include the same. Analyte sensors include an electrode having a sensing layer disposed thereon, the sensing layer comprising a polymer and an enzyme composition distributed therein. The enzyme composition includes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P).sup.+) or derivative thereof; an NAD(P).sup.+-dependent dehydrogenase; an NAD(P)H oxidoreductase; and an electron transfer agent comprising a transition metal complex.

Contemplated methods and devices comprise performing electrochemical sample analysis in a multiplexed electrochemical detector having reduced electrical cross-talk. The electrochemical detector includes electrodes that share a common lead from a plurality of leads. The sample, which may be a liquid sample, is introduced into one or more sample wells and a signal is applied to at least one of the electrodes. A response signal is measured while simultaneously applying a substantially fixed potential to each of a remainder of the plurality of leads.

According to one embodiment, a biosensor includes a substrate and a sensor matrix that is present in a two-dimensional region on the substrate. The sensor matrix includes a plurality of basic blocks. Each of the basic blocks includes at least three types of sensor elements.

A method of measuring a quantity of a substrate contained in sample liquid is provided. This method can reduce measurement errors caused by a biosensor. The biosensor includes at least a pair of electrodes on an insulating board and is inserted into a measuring device which includes a supporting section for supporting detachably the biosensor, plural connecting terminals to be coupled to the respective electrodes, and a driving power supply which applies a voltages to the respective electrodes via the connecting terminals. One of the electrodes of the biosensor is connected to the first and second connecting terminals of the measuring device only when the biosensor is inserted into the measuring device in a given direction and has a structure such that the electrode becomes conductive between the first and second connecting terminals due to a voltage application by the driving power supply.

Disclosed herein is an analyte sensing biointerface that comprises a sensing electrode incorporated within a non-conductive matrix comprising a plurality of passageways extending through the matrix to the sensing electrode. Also disclosed herein are methods of manufacturing a sensing biointerface and methods of detecting an analyte within tissue of a host using an analyte sensing biointerface.

A method for manufacturing a biosensor includes forming an electrode layer on a flexible foil. An adhesive layer is positioned on the foil layer, and a first photo-definable hydrogel membrane is positioned over the electrode layer and the adhesive layer. A second photo-definable hydrogel membrane with an immobilized bio-recognition element is positioned over the first hydrogel membrane in contact with the electrode layer through an opening in the first hydrogel membrane.

Enzyme-based biofuel cells including a bioanode, a biocathode, and an electrolyte solution are disclosed. The bioanode contains (a) a conductive substrate; (b) one or more n-type polymers; and (c) one or more enzymes. The biocathode contains (a) a conductive substrate; and (b) one or more p-type polymers. The electrolyte solution contains one or more metabolites capable of reacting with the enzymes and is in electrical communication with the bioanode and the biocathode. The bioanode is electrically connected to the biocathode. The biofuel generates power when the metabolites react with the enzymes to produce electrons; the electrons are directed through an electrical circuit to the biocathode where an oxidant is reduced to water. The structure of the n-type polymer allows for efficient electron transfer from the enzyme to the polymer, resulting improved biofuel cell performances. Methods of making and using the enzyme-based biofuel cells are also disclosed.

A sensor includes a working electrode in contact with an analyte solution; an amplifier including: a source terminal; a drain terminal; a back gate terminal; and nanowires, each nanowire electrically connecting the source terminal to the drain terminal; and an insulator having a first side and a second side. The working electrode is positioned to the first side of the insulator. The source terminal, the drain terminal, and the nanowires are positioned to the second side of the insulator. The insulator prevents direct electrical contact between the working electrode, the analyte solution and either the source terminal, the drain terminal, or the nanowires. The working electrode is configured such that, when a chemical species is present in the analyte solution, a variation in an electrical field at a location of the nanowires is induced, inducing a corresponding variation in an electrical current between the source terminal and the drain terminal.

This disclosure relates to creatinine biosensors and the uses thereof. More specifically, this disclosure describes potentiometric creatinine sensors which utilizes one or both of a type of enzyme capable of directly producing ammonium ions (NH4+) as a consequence of coming into contact with a liquid sample and an internal fill solution with a low free ammonium ion concentration.