An analyte sensor and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer in contact with a surface of an electrode, and an analyte sensing component embedded within the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer. The method of making the analyte sensor includes depositing a precursor mixture containing monomers and an analyte sensing component onto an electrode, exposing the deposited precursor mixture to a controlled environment for a specified period of time, and photopolymerizing the deposited exposed precursor mixture into a copolymer layer in contact with a surface of the electrode. Exposing the deposited precursor mixture to a controlled environment can increase the sensitivity of the sensor by reducing the thickness of the copolymer layer and/or by causing the analyte sensitive component within the copolymer layer to have a non-uniform concentration within the layer.

An amperometric biosensor is provided for determination of creatinine in a sample fluid. The biosensor can be an enzyme-polymer composition having at least one redox polymer and a plurality of enzymes immobilized on an electrode surface. Methods of preparing the amperometric biosensor are included. In addition, methods and systems using the amperometric biosensor in measuring creatinine concentrations of a patient and treatments of a patient with monitoring of the progress of dialysis performed on the patient are also provided.

A method of detecting a presence, amount and/or type of a pathogenic organism in a substrate is provided. The method is effected by contacting a sample suspected as containing the pathogenic organism or a portion thereof with an electrode, thereafter contacting the electrode with an aptamer that selectively binds to said pathogenic organism; thereafter contacting the electrode with an agent that participates in an electrochemically detectable reaction and thereafter perform the electrochemical reaction while using the electrode. The electric signal produced by the reaction is indicative of a presence and/or amount of the pathogenic organism. Also provided are a sensing system and kits usable for practicing the method, and use of the method for determining a suitable agent for reducing a load of a pathogenic organism in a substrate.

Provided is a method for electrochemically detecting a catalytic reaction product that is generated by progress of a catalytic reaction in a first lump of liquid and dissolved in the first lump of liquid, the method including: containing the first lump of liquid and a second lump of liquid in a liquid bath, the second lump of liquid being in contact with the first lump of liquid to form a liquid-liquid interface and not dissolving the catalytic reaction product; arranging a working electrode in the first lump of liquid, and arranging a counter electrode and a reference electrode in the second lump of liquid; and detecting a current flowing through the working electrode by an oxidation or reduction reaction of the catalytic reaction product at the working electrode.

A switchable hydrophilic surface is created by attaching electrochemically switchable hydrophilicity polymers to the surface of a microelectrode array. Ferrocene polymers are one example of electrochemically switchable hydrophilicity polymers. Activation of electrodes in the microelectrode array changes the oxidation state of metal ions which switches the polymers between hydrophobic and hydrophilic conformations. Selective activation of electrodes can create patterns of wettability on the microelectrode array that may be varied in real time. The switchable hydrophilic surface may be used to control solid-phase synthesis of polymers. Growing polymers may be selectively extended at locations on the microelectrode array that are hydrophilic. The pattern of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions can be changed during sequential rounds of synthesis to create a variety of different polymers at different locations on the surface of the microelectrode array.

An apparatus for insertion of a medical device in the skin of a subject is provided.

A method for sensing an analyte utilizing a sensor having a working electrode, the method includes providing the working electrode with an analyte-specific enzyme and a redox mediator, providing the working electrode to the analyte, accumulating charge derived from the analyte reacting with the analyte-specific enzyme and the redox mediator for a set period of time, connecting the working electrode to circuit after the set period of time, and measuring the signal from the accumulated charge.

A processive enzyme molecular sensor for use in a DNA data storage system is disclosed that can extract digital information suitably encoded into a synthetic DNA molecule. In various aspects, such sensors are provided in a high-density chip-based format that can provide the high throughput, low-cost and fast data extraction capability required for large scale DNA data storage systems. The sensor for reading the digital data stored in DNA molecules processes individual encoded DNA molecules directly, eliminating the need for complicated sample preparation such as making copies of DNA or clonal populations of such molecules.

Methods, systems, and devices are disclosed for providing a portable enzymatic-ink dispensing system. The system includes an enzymatic-ink including one or more biocompatible binders, one or more biocompatible mediators, an enzyme, an enzyme stabilizer, and a conductive material. The system includes a dispenser including a chamber to hold the enzymatic-ink and an applicator to apply the enzymatic ink dispensed from the chamber onto a target substrate.

A method for forming an enzymatic biosensor includes preparing a first deposition solution comprising an enzyme, placing a substrate in the first deposition solution, applying an electrical potential to a working electrode of the substrate to deposit the enzyme on the working electrode, placing the substrate in a second deposition solution comprising electro-polymerizable monomers, and passing a current through the working electrode to polymerize the monomers to form an electropolymerized polymer layer over the enzyme deposited on the working electrode.