Provided are vesicles derived from bacteria of the genus Deinococcus and a use thereof. The vesicles significantly decreased in a clinical sample obtained from a patient with cancer, an inflammatory disease, and dementia, compared with a normal individual, and when the vesicles isolated from the strain were administered, the secretion of inflammation mediators caused by pathogenic vesicles such as E. coli-derived vesicles was considerably inhibited, and vesicles derived from bacteria of the genus Deinococcus significantly inhibit cranial nerve cell damage caused by stress hormones, and therefore, the vesicles derived from bacteria of the genus Deinococcus according to the presently claimed subject matter may be effectively used to develop a method of diagnosing cancer, an inflammatory disease, and/or dementia, and a composition for preventing, alleviating, or treating cancer, an inflammatory disease, and/or a cranial nerve disease.

Provided is a device including at least one well and an amplifiable reagent contained in a specific copy number in the at least one well. In a preferable mode, the device includes information on the specific copy number of the amplifiable reagent. In a more preferable mode, the device includes information on uncertainty as the information on the specific copy number, and the information on uncertainty includes a coefficient of variation CV of the amplifiable reagent, and the coefficient of variation CV satisfies a relational expression: CV<1/Vx, where x represents an average specific copy number of the amplifiable reagent. In a particularly preferable mode, the device includes a plurality of wells in which the amplifiable reagent is contained, and the amplifiable reagent is contained in each of the wells in the same specific copy number. The invention may use microscopes to verify the number of cells comprising the amplifiable reagent, i.e. nucleic acid, in each of the wells. The device may be used for calibrating a PCR apparatus.

The disclosure provides population and non-population-based classifiers to categorize patients and cancers. The population-based classifiers disclosed integrate signatures, i.e., global scores related to the expression of genes in particular gene panels. The non-population-based classifiers are generated using machine-learning techniques (e.g., regression, random forests, or ANN). Each type of classifier stratifies patients and cancers according to tumor microenvironments (TME) as biomarker-positive or biomarker-negative, and treatment decisions are then guided by the presence/absence of a particular TME. Also provided are methods for treating a subject, e.g., a human subject, afflicted with cancer comprising administering a particular therapy depending on the classification of the cancer's TME according to the disclosed classifiers. Also provided are personalized treatments that can be administered to a subject having a cancer classified into a particular TME, and gene panels that can be used for identifying a human subject afflicted with a cancer suitable for treatment with a particular therapeutic agent.

A method for determining absolute amounts of two or more types of target nucleic acids in a sample, including: (a) mixing a sample with a known amount of a control nucleic acid; (b) co-amplifying all target nucleic acids and a specific nucleic acid group in the sample and the control nucleic acid; (c) determining a total amount of the all target nucleic acids and the specific nucleic acid group in the sample based on an indicator of a total amount of the amplified all target nucleic acids and the amplified specific nucleic acid group and an indicator of an amount of the amplified control nucleic acid; and (d) calculating an absolute amount of each target nucleic acid in the sample based on an occupancy of each target nucleic acid in the total of the all target nucleic acids and the specific nucleic acid group.

A method for determining the presence and level of PSC contaminants in a PSC-derived cell population for use in cell therapy by assaying a sample of the PSC-derived cell population against a panel of non-coding RNAs such as miRNA known to be differentially expressed in PSC contaminants, thereby detecting residual PSC cell contamination at a level of 10 and even 5 or fewer residual contaminating PSC cells in a background of one million cells, such that a PSC-derived cell population or sample may be identified as meeting safety requirements for use in cell therapy.

A method and a sensor for detecting L-cystine are disclosed. The method is implemented by assembling a sodium 3,3′-dithiodipropane sulfonate (SPS) membrane on a surface of Au membrane layer of an Au electrode and using an extended gate of field effect transistor (FET) and in-situ signal amplification of the FET to detect L-cystine sensitively. The polyanion of the SPS membrane adsorbs and binds a positively charged target L-cystine through electrostatic interaction, thus forming an electric double layer structure to generate a membrane potential identifying a monovalent organic ammonium ion. The sensor includes the FET, wherein a gate-extended gold electrode is arranged on the FET, and the SPS membrane is assembled on the surface of the Au membrane layer of the gate-extended gold electrode. The sensor has an excellent Nernst response to L-cystine.

Improved methods for use in nucleic acid amplification, including multiplex amplification, where the amplification is carried out in two or more distinct phases are disclosed. The first phase amplification reaction preferably lacks one or more components required for exponential amplification. The lacking component is subsequently provided in a second, third or further phase(s) of amplification, resulting in a rapid exponential amplification reaction. The multiphase protocol results in faster and more sensitive detection and lower variability at low analyte concentrations. Compositions for carrying out the claimed methods are also disclosed.

Improved methods for use in nucleic acid amplification, including multiplex amplification, where the amplification is carried out in two or more distinct phases are disclosed. The first phase amplification reaction preferably lacks one or more components required for exponential amplification. The lacking component is subsequently provided in a second, third or further phase(s) of amplification, resulting in a rapid exponential amplification reaction. The multiphase protocol results in faster and more sensitive detection and lower variability at low analyte concentrations. Compositions for carrying out the claimed methods are also disclosed.

Methods and systems for mRNA analysis and quantification of mRNA expression in cells are provided. An example method includes introducing a first capture probe and a second capture probe into the cells, the first capture probe and the second capture probe each configured to be complementary to a respective section of target mRNA within the cells, wherein binding of the first and second capture probes to the respective sections of the target mRNA results in tagging of the cells and causes the first and second capture probes to form clusters with each other. The first capture probe and the second capture probe are each bound to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that, when trapped within the tagged cells, cause the tagged cells to be susceptible to magnetic forces. The method and system further include introducing the cells into a device configured to magnetically capture tagged cells.

Methods and systems for mRNA analysis and quantification of mRNA expression in cells are provided. An example method includes introducing a first capture probe and a second capture probe into the cells, the first capture probe and the second capture probe each configured to be complementary to a respective section of target mRNA within the cells, wherein binding of the first and second capture probes to the respective sections of the target mRNA results in tagging of the cells and causes the first and second capture probes to form clusters with each other. The first capture probe and the second capture probe are each bound to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that, when trapped within the tagged cells, cause the tagged cells to be susceptible to magnetic forces. The method and system further include introducing the cells into a device configured to magnetically capture tagged cells.