An electrical connector includes a first layer having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a second layer overlaying the first layer having a second coefficient of thermal expansion. A first difference between the first coefficient of thermal expansion and a coefficient of thermal expansion of glass is greater than a second difference between the second coefficient of thermal expansion and the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass. The electrical connector further includes a layer of a solder alloy having about 15% to 28% indium by weight, about 5% to 20% zinc by weight, about 1% to 6% silver by weight, and at least 36% tin by weight. The solder layer is disposed on at least a portion of the second layer.

A system and method are presented for producing metallic core-shell particles. The system includes the housing having a hollow interior configured to receive and hold a molten metal input, a carrier fluid, and one or more reagents. The system also includes a shearing assembly positioned within the hollow interior of the housing. The shearing assembly is configured to, when the molten metal input, carrier fluid, and one or more reagents are held withing hollow interior and sealed within housing, shear the molten metal input into particles of an effective size so that a shell created on a surface of the particles via reaction with the one or more reagents prevents a core of the particles from solidifying when the particles are cooled to a temperature below a freezing temperature of the molten metal input.

A method for scaled-up synthesis of medium-entropy and high-entropy nanoparticles (NPs) including alloys and ceramics on various substrates such as carbon, metal and glass. The method requires only two steps to synthesize these NPs, including loading metal salt precursors with equal molar ratio onto a support and irradiating the support by highly intense laser pulses in liquid at ambient atmosphere. The method ensures multiple (3˜9) atoms to combine without segregation regardless of their mutual solubility. The method can easily tailor the particle size from nanometer to micrometer by controlling the parameters.

An electrical connector includes a first layer having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a second layer overlaying the first layer having a second coefficient of thermal expansion. A first difference between the first coefficient of thermal expansion and a coefficient of thermal expansion of glass is greater than a second difference between the second coefficient of thermal expansion and the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass. The electrical connector further includes a layer of a solder alloy having about 15% to 28% indium by weight, about 5% to 20% zinc by weight, about 1% to 6% silver by weight, and at least 36% tin by weight. The solder layer is disposed on at least a portion of the second layer.

An electrical connector includes a first layer having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a second layer overlaying the first layer having a second coefficient of thermal expansion. A first difference between the first coefficient of thermal expansion and a coefficient of thermal expansion of glass is greater than a second difference between the second coefficient of thermal expansion and the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass. The electrical connector further includes a layer of a solder alloy having about 15% to 28% indium by weight, about 5% to 20% zinc by weight, about 1% to 6% silver by weight, and at least 36% tin by weight. The solder layer is disposed on at least a portion of the second layer.

Metal compositions and production processes are described. A process for the production of a metal composition includes a first distillation step separating off by evaporation primarily lead from a solder mixture of lead, tin, and antimony, thereby producing as a first concentrated lead stream. The process includes a second distillation step separating primarily lead and antimony from the metal composition, thereby producing a second concentrated lead stream and a second bottom product. The method also includes a third distillation step separating primarily lead and antimony from the second concentrated lead stream, thereby producing a third concentrated lead stream and a third bottom product.

Metal compositions and production processes are described. A process for the production of a metal composition includes a first distillation step separating off by evaporation primarily lead from a solder mixture of lead, tin, and antimony, thereby producing as a first concentrated lead stream. The process includes a second distillation step separating primarily lead and antimony from the metal composition, thereby producing a second concentrated lead stream and a second bottom product. The method also includes a third distillation step separating primarily lead and antimony from the second concentrated lead stream, thereby producing a third concentrated lead stream and a third bottom product.

A group of substantially nickel-free beta-titanium alloys have shape memory and super-elastic properties suitable for, e.g., medical device applications. In particular, the present disclosure provides a titanium-based group of alloys including 16-20 at. % of hafnium, zirconium or a mixture thereof, 8-17 at. % niobium, and 0.25-6 at. % tin. This alloy group exhibits recoverable strains of at least 3.5% after axial, bending or torsional deformation. In some instances, the alloys have a capability to recover of more than 5% deformation strain. Niobium and tin are provided in the alloy to control beta phase stability, which enhances the ability of the materials to exhibit shape memory or super-elastic properties at a desired application temperature (e.g., body temperature). Hafnium and/or zirconium may be interchangeably added to increase the radiopacity of the material, and also contribute to the superelasticity of the material.

A manufacturing apparatus 1 has a leveler 3 which, while pulling out a steel plate starting with one end thereof and while transporting it, corrects the waviness and the like of the steel plate, which serves as a backing plate 2 and is constituted by a continuous strip having a thickness of 0.3 to 2.0 mm and provided as a hoop material by being wound into a coil shape.

A manufacturing apparatus 1 has a leveler 3 which, while pulling out a steel plate starting with one end thereof and while transporting it, corrects the waviness and the like of the steel plate, which serves as a backing plate 2 and is constituted by a continuous strip having a thickness of 0.3 to 2.0 mm and provided as a hoop material by being wound into a coil shape.