The invention relates to compositions, methods of use, and methods of manufacture for an intercalated bleach compound and compositions thereof. The intercalated bleach compound has the formula M.sub.x(OCl).sub.y(O).sub.m(OH).sub.n where M is an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium, calcium or mixture thereof. The values of x and y independently equal any number greater than or equal to 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), and m and n independently equal any number greater than or equal to 0 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), but m and n are not both 0. In addition, the molar ratio of the alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium or calcium) to hypochlorite is at least 3:1. In other words, x is 3y. The compounds exhibit excellent stability, little or no chlorine bleach odor, exhibit excellent pH buffering characteristics, and less reactivity with organic materials as compared to alternative chlorine bleach products.

A method includes treating a first brine stream including a plurality of minerals with an anti-scalant to produce a treated brine. The first brine stream is provided by a wastewater treatment system. The method also includes directing the treated brine to a first nanofiltration (NF) system disposed downstream from and fluidly coupled to the wastewater treatment system, generating a first NF permeate stream and a first NF non-permeate stream from the treated brine in the first NF system, directing the first NF non-permeate stream to a mineral removal system disposed downstream from and fluidly coupled to the first NF system, and removing the plurality of minerals from the first NF non-permeate stream to generate a first overflow stream in the mineral removal system. The first overflow stream comprises at least a portion of the plurality of minerals. The method also includes routing a first portion of the first overflow stream to a hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) production system disposed downstream from and fluidly coupled to the mineral removal system. The HCl and NaOH production system includes a second NF system that may receive the first portion of the first overflow stream and may generate a second brine stream from the first portion of the first overflow stream. The method further includes directing the second brine stream to a first electrodialysis (ED) system disposed within the HCl and NaOH production system and fluidly coupled to the second NF system. The first ED system may generate HCl and NaOH from the second brine stream.

The invention relates to compositions, methods of use, and methods of manufacture for an intercalated bleach compound and compositions thereof. The intercalated bleach compound has the formula M.sub.x(OCl).sub.y(O).sub.m(OH).sub.n where M is an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium, calcium or mixture thereof. The values of x and y independently equal any number greater than or equal to 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), and m and n independently equal any number greater than or equal to 0 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), but m and n are not both 0. In addition, the molar ratio of the alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium or calcium) to hypochlorite is at least 3:1. In other words, x is 3y. The compounds exhibit excellent stability, little or no chlorine bleach odor, exhibit excellent pH buffering characteristics, and less reactivity with organic materials as compared to alternative chlorine bleach products.

High strength, low salt solutions of alkali hypochlorite (e.g. sodium hypochlorite) can advantageously be produced in a system comprising a subsystem in which alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine are reacted to produce alkali hypochlorite and salt solids in a crystallizer, while drawing a vacuum in the crystallizer. In a system comprising a chlor-alkali plant, the alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine can be directly obtained (i.e. without concentrating) from the electrolyzer in the plant. A net energy savings in the system can be achieved and water consumption in the chlor-alkali plant can be substantially decreased by returning chlorinated condensate from the crystallizer to the recycle line in the chlor-alkali plant. Salt can be efficiently recovered by redissolving the salt solids produced in depleted brine and returning it directly to the electrolyzer. As a result, high strength, low salt hypochlorite can be produced without the need to evaporate caustic.

The invention relates to compositions, methods of use, and methods of manufacture for an intercalated bleach compound and compositions thereof. The intercalated bleach compound has the formula M.sub.x(OCl).sub.y(O).sub.m(OH).sub.n where M is an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium, calcium or mixture thereof. The values of x and y independently equal any number greater than or equal to 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), and m and n independently equal any number greater than or equal to 0 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), but m and n are not both 0. In addition, the molar ratio of the alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium or calcium) to hypochlorite is at least 3:1. In other words, x is 3y. The compounds exhibit excellent stability, little or no chlorine bleach odor, exhibit excellent pH buffering characteristics, and less reactivity with organic materials as compared to alternative chlorine bleach products.

To provide a production method and a production apparatus of a sodium hypochlorite solution that can produce a sodium hypochlorite solution with a high available chlorine concentration at a low cost using an on-site facility. In production of a sodium hypochlorite solution by feeding secondary salt water as an aqueous sodium chloride solution, in an electrolyzer 10 comparted into an anode chamber 2 and a cathode chamber 3 by an ion-exchange membrane 1, to the anode chamber and, after electrolysis, introducing an anolyte and a generated chlorine gas in the anode chamber and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution generated in the cathode chamber into a reaction tank 20 to allow the anolyte, the chlorine gas, and the generated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution as a catholyte to react in the reaction tank, a primary salt water generation step of dissolving raw salt G containing sodium chloride as a main component in purified water B to generate primary salt water, and a chelating step of chelating the primary salt water to generate secondary salt water A are included, in which a decomposition rate of salt ranges from 80 to 95%.

Methods for representing crystal structure of inorganic materials in matrix form, and for quantitative comparison of multiple inorganic materials, can be employed to identify candidate materials with high potential to possess a desired property. Such methods can include conversion of an atomic coordinate set to a coordinate set for an anion only lattice, anion substitution, and unit cell re-scaling. Such methods can further include simulation of x-ray diffraction data for modified anion-only lattices, and generation of n2 matrices from the simulated diffraction data. Quantitative structural similarity values can be derived from the n2 matrices. The quantitative structural similarity values can be useful for structural categorization, as well as prediction of functional properties.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods for removing acid gases from a gas stream are provided. Gas streams include waste gas streams or natural gas streams. The methods include obtaining a hypochlorite and a carbonate or bicarbonate in an aqueous mixture, and mixing the aqueous mixture with the gas stream to produce sulfates or nitrates from sulfur-based and nitrogen-based acidic gases. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to produce the carbonate and/or bicarbonate scrubbing reagent from CO.sub.2 in the gas stream. Still others are disclosed.

Asymmetric electrochemical cell apparatus, and methods of operating such apparatus to produce electrolyzed water.

It has now been discovered that a shaped article containing calcium hypochlorite has low reactivity in handling, storage and transportation as well as has a favorable dissolution (solubility) profile, when the shaped article contains lime and a hydrated magnesium sulfate. The shaped article has a NFPA rating of Class 1 oxidizer and is a non-Division 5.1 oxidizer.