A method and apparatus for: providing a ceria aerogel and copper nanoparticle catalyst, flowing a hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and water vapor source gas from an inlet into contact with the catalyst to produce a product gas, and flowing the product gas to an outlet. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the product gas is no more than 50% of the concentration of carbon monoxide in the source gas. The concentration of hydrogen in the product gas is no less than 90% of the concentration of hydrogen in the source gas.

A reformer of the present disclosure includes a reformer body which has a cylindrical shape and extends horizontally, introducing raw fuel and water to perform a reforming reaction, the reformer body including therein a vaporization portion which generates steam, and a reforming portion which reacts the steam generated in the vaporization portion with raw fuel to generate a reformed gas; a raw fuel introduction pipe which introduces the raw fuel into the reformer body; a water introduction pipe including therein a water passage which introduces water into the reformer body; and a vaporization accelerating portion which is disposed in at least one of the vaporization portion and the water introduction pipe and accelerates vaporization of water in the vaporization portion.

A power generation system, includes: a fuel cell that includes a negative electrode and a positive electrode and is configured to generate electric power by chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen; a separator that includes a hydrogen-permselective separation membrane and is configured to obtain permeated gas and non-permeated gas from mixed gas; and a negative electrode gas supply passage configured to supply the mixed gas containing hydrogen to the separator and supply the permeated gas obtained by the separator to the negative electrode. The separation membrane includes a porous support layer and a separation functional layer provided on the porous support layer. The separation functional layer contains at least one kind of chemical compound selected from the group consisting of polyamide, graphene, MOF (Metal Organic Framework), and COF (Covalent Organic Framework).

In a fuel cell system, for example HTPEM fuel cells. a valve system is employed by selectively guiding exhaust gas from the burner either to the reformer for heating the reformer, especially during normal operation, or to by-pass the reformer in startup situations in order to heat the fuel cell stack before starting heating the reformer. Optionally, a compact burner/reformer unit is provided.

A fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell stack, an evaporator for evaporating a mixture of methanol and water to be forwarded through a catalytic reformer for producing portions of free hydrogen. The fuel cell stack being composed of a number of proton exchange membrane fuel cells each featuring electrodes in form of an anode and a cathode for delivering an electric current. The system provides an enhanced system for evaporating the liquid fuel using a pre-evaporator, which partly evaporates the fuel, followed by a nozzle, which atomizes the fuel into a fine mist, before being passed to the final evaporation zone. This configuration ensures minimal fuel accumulation in the system and fast load transition's.

Systems and methods for forming a liquid mixture having a predetermined mix ratio and reforming systems, reforming methods, fuel cell systems, and fuel cell methods that utilize the liquid mixture. The methods include apportioning a preselected volume of liquid from a liquid source. During the apportioning, the liquid is a first liquid, and the methods further include providing a first preselected volume of the first liquid to a mix tank. The methods also include repeating the apportioning with a second liquid providing a second preselected volume of the second liquid to the mix tank to generate the liquid mixture. The methods also may include providing the liquid mixture to a reforming region, reforming the liquid mixture to generate a mixed gas stream that includes hydrogen gas, and providing the hydrogen gas to a fuel cell assembly to generate an electric current.

A fuel cell system is disclosed. The fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell module including a plurality of unit cells for generating electrical energy by using oxygen of air and hydrogen of a reformed fuel gas; a first module including a burner part which burns an unreacted fuel gas and air discharged from the fuel cell module, an air-heating part which heats air through heat exchange with a hot combustion gas and a flame generated by the burner part and supplies the heated air to the fuel cell module, and a water vapor generation part which converts water, flowing through an inner portion thereof, into water vapor through heat exchange with a hot combustion gas generated by the burner part; and a second module which mixes a fuel supplied from an external fuel supply source and water vapor supplied from a water-vapor generator part.

A process and/or system for producing fuel that includes providing biogas, removing carbon dioxide from the biogas, transporting the upgraded biogas to a hydrogen plant; providing the transported upgraded biogas and fossil-based natural gas as feedstock for hydrogen production. The carbon intensity of the fuel is less than 11 gCO.sub.2-eq/MJ, at least in part because carbon dioxide removed from the biogas and carbon dioxide from hydrogen production is captured and stored.

A hydrogen generating method includes generating hydrogen by dehydrogenation-reacting a chemical hydride of a solid state with an acid aqueous solution. The dehydrogenation-reaction is performed by reacting 1 mol of hydrogen atoms of the chemical hydride with an acid and water at a molar ratio of 0.5 to 2.

A catalyst structure includes a carrier having a porous structure composed of a zeolite type compound and at least one catalytic material existing in the carrier. The carrier has channels communicating with each other, and the catalytic material is a metal fine particle and exists at least in the channel of the carrier.