An annealing separator, by being applied to a steel sheet, enables retention of a good shape of a coil after annealing obtained by winding the steel sheet with the annealing separator applied thereto into a coil which is then annealed at a high temperature exceeding 1000 C. A powder used as the annealing separator: contains magnesium oxide as a main component and B: 0.020 mass % or more and 0.200 mass % or less, SO.sub.3: 0.030 mass % or more and 2.000 mass % or less, and P.sub.2O.sub.3: 0.050 mass % or more and 1.000 mass % or less; and contains 0.2 mass % or more and 5.0 mass % or less of particles having a particle size of more than 45 m and 75 m or less. The particles having this particle size contain (boron) B: 0.002 mass % or more and less than 0.020 mass %, SO.sub.3: less than 0.030 mass %, and P.sub.2O.sub.3: less than 0.050 mass %.

A method for producing a packaging body of the present invention includes a production step of producing a metal oxide powder, and a sealing step of placing the metal oxide powder in a bag that is filled with at least one gas selected from the group consisting of a noble gas, nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, and dry air, followed by sealing the bag, the metal oxide powder being a silica powder or a magnesia powder, the bag having a moisture permeability as measured according to JIS Z 0222-1959 of 0.30 g/(m.sup.2.Math.day) or less.

A lithium-ion battery includes: a cathode; an anode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, in which the cathode includes a current collector and a cathode mixture applied on at least one side of the current collector, the cathode mixture includes a lithium transition metal oxide as a cathode active material, the anode includes a lithium titanium complex oxide as an anode active material, and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes a fluorine-containing boric acid ester.

A lithium-ion battery includes: a cathode; an anode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, in which the cathode includes a current collector and a cathode mixture applied on at least one side of the current collector, the cathode mixture includes a lithium transition metal oxide as a cathode active material, the anode includes a lithium titanium complex oxide as an anode active material, and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes a fluorine-containing boric acid ester.

Elemental silicon is produced in higher yield and with less production of byproducts when magnesium oxide having a large particle size is used as a reaction moderator.

The present invention provides a genus of polycyclic amines that are useful as opioid receptor modulators. The compounds of the invention are useful in both therapeutic and diagnostic methods, including for treating pain, neurological disorders, cardiac disorders, bowel disorders, drug and alcohol addiction, drug overdose, urinary disorders, respiratory disorders, sexual dysfunction, psoriasis, graft rejection or cancer.

This invention is concerned with the reduction of metal and/or semi-metal oxides. More particularly the invention relates to a method and apparatus adapted to produce silicon by reduction of silicon oxides. The inventor has determined that the reaction between a strong oxidiser and a reducer can provide sufficient energy for metallothermic reduction of silicon oxides to silicon to be completed at relatively low temperatures, such as less than 580 deg C., and that the reduction can be effected with no or minimal dwell time even at such a maximum temperature. The method can be simple, quick, and efficient without producing greenhouse gases. This method can also be used for reduction of other metal or semi-metal oxides such as for example only Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, Nb.sub.2O.sub.5WO.sub.3 and MoO.sub.2; and also used in the co-reduction of two or more metal or semi-metal oxides to produce alloys and composites of them.

This invention is concerned with the reduction of metal and/or semi-metal oxides. More particularly the invention relates to a method and apparatus adapted to produce silicon by reduction of silicon oxides. The inventor has determined that the reaction between a strong oxidiser and a reducer can provide sufficient energy for metallothermic reduction of silicon oxides to silicon to be completed at relatively low temperatures, such as less than 580 deg C., and that the reduction can be effected with no or minimal dwell time even at such a maximum temperature. The method can be simple, quick, and efficient without producing greenhouse gases. This method can also be used for reduction of other metal or semi-metal oxides such as for example only Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, Nb.sub.2O.sub.5WO.sub.3 and MoO.sub.2; and also used in the co-reduction of two or more metal or semi-metal oxides to produce alloys and composites of them.

A method of preparing silicon carbide according to the present invention includes reacting a silicon-containing compound with carbon dioxide, wherein a reducing agent is optionally used.

A magnesium oxide material includes a magnesium oxide powder treated with a halogen compound and a silane coupling agent. A method of producing a magnesium oxide material includes a step including preparing a magnesium oxide powder, a halogen compound treatment step including subjecting the magnesium oxide powder to a surface treatment with a halogen compound, and a silane coupling agent treatment step including subjecting the magnesium oxide powder to a surface treatment with a silane coupling agent.