This disclosure provides a process based on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) treatment for co-processing of high-water-content wastewater sludge and other lignocellulosic biomass for co-production of biogas and bio-crude oil. The mixture of waste activated sludge and lignocellulosic biomass such as birchwood sawdust/cornstalk/MSW was converted under HTL conditions in presence of KOH as the homogeneous catalyst. The operating conditions including reaction temperature, reaction time and solids concentration were optimized based on the response surface methodology for the maximum bio-crude oil production. The highest bio-crude oil yield of around 34 wt % was obtained by co-feeding waste activated sludge with lignocellulosic biomass at an optimum temperature of 310 C., reaction time of 10 min, and solids concentration of 10 wt %. The two by-products from this process (bio-char and water-soluble products) can be used to produce energy as well. Water-soluble products were used to produce biogas through Bio-methane Potential Test (BMP) and were found to produce around 800 mL bio-methane cumulatively in 30 days per 0.816 g of total organic carbon (TOC) or 2.09 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water-soluble products.

A waste material process reactor is configured to convers waste to fuel by exposing a carbon-based material to liquid media to form hydrocarbon fuel. Heat exchangers, power generation processes and combustion turbine exhaust apparatus are also provided. Fuel generation processes and generation systems are provided. Reaction media conduit systems as well as processes for servicing reactant media pumps coupled to both inlet and outlet conduits containing reactant media, are also provided.

Systems and methods are provided for block operation during lubricant and/or fuels production from deasphalted oil. During block operation, a deasphalted oil and/or the hydroprocessed effluent from an initial processing stage can be split into a plurality of fractions. The fractions can correspond, for example, to feed fractions suitable for forming a light neutral fraction, a heavy neutral fraction, and a bright stock fraction, or the plurality of fractions can correspond to any other convenient split into separate fractions. The plurality of separate fractions can then be processed separately in the process train (or in the sweet portion of the process train) for forming fuels and/or lubricant base stocks. The separate processing can allow for selection of conditions for forming lubricant fractions, such as bright stock fractions, that have a cloud point that is lower than the pour point.

Processes of catalytically pyrolyzing solid hydrocarbonaceous materials in a downflow fluid bed reactor and regenerating the catalyst in an upflow fluidized bed reactor are described. Systems and compositions useful in the catalytic pyrolysis of plastics are also described.

Catalysts useful in transforming biomass to bio-oil are disclosed, as are methods for making such catalysts, and methods of transforming biomass to bio-oil. The catalysts are especially useful for, but are not limited to, microwave- and induction-heating based pyrolysis of biomass, solid waste, and other carbon containing materials into bio-oil. The catalysts can also be used for upgrading the bio-oil to enhance fuel quality.

A method for decomposing an organic raw material, comprising: a raw material supply step of supplying an organic raw material containing biomass and/or organic polymer waste, and an artificial carbon particle to a fluidized-bed-type decomposition apparatus, and a decomposition step of decomposing the organic raw material into a non-solid decomposition component and a solid residue while fluidizing the artificial carbon particle with introducing a carrier gas to the fluidized-bed-type decomposition apparatus, to discharge the non-solid decomposition component with the carrier gas as well as to discharge the solid residue separately from the non-solid decomposition component.

A method provides for valorization of naturally abundant organic solid biomass under a specified gas atmosphere with the existence of a catalyst structure. The method effectively converts the organic solid feedstock while producing valuable liquid hydrocarbon products, as well as utilizing methane rich resources, providing an economical and environmental benefit in the oil & gas industry.

Processes for making a catalytic system and catalytic systems for converting solid biomass into fuel or specialty chemical products, or for upgrading bio-oils are described. The catalyst system may comprise a non-zeolitic matrix with a hierarchical pore structure ranging from 300 to about 10.sup.4 Angstrom pore size, a zeolite, such as MFI-type or IM-5 zeolite, and a binder.

Systems and methods are provided for block operation during lubricant and/or fuels production from deasphalted oil. During block operation, a deasphalted oil and/or the hydroprocessed effluent from an initial processing stage can be split into a plurality of fractions. The fractions can correspond, for example, to feed fractions suitable for forming a light neutral fraction, a heavy neutral fraction, and a bright stock fraction, or the plurality of fractions can correspond to any other convenient split into separate fractions. The plurality of separate fractions can then be processed separately in the process train (or in the sweet portion of the process train) for forming fuels and/or lubricant base stocks. The separate processing can allow for selection of conditions for forming lubricant fractions, such as bright stock fractions, that have a cloud point that is lower than the pour point.

A process is described for producing BTX and alcohols from biomass, by a) catalytic pyrolysis of the biomass in a fluidized-bed reactor producing a gaseous pyrolysis effluent; b) separation of said gaseous pyrolysis effluent into at least one BTX fraction and a gaseous effluent containing at least carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, c) sending all of the gaseous effluent from separation b) into fermentation producing a liquid fermentation stream containing at least one stream containing at least one oxygenated compound chosen from alcohols, diols, acid alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and esters, d) separating the fermentation stream obtained on conclusion of c) into at least the stream containing at least one oxygenated compound, an aqueous fraction, and an unreacted gaseous effluent, e) recycling at least part of unreacted gaseous effluent into the catalytic pyrolysis a).