A system for use in carbon negative emission methods, a nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system, an air supply device and a flow control module. The system for use in carbon negative emission methods enables biomass to produce inorganic carbon and pyrolysis gas/gasification gas to realize negative emission of carbon. The nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system enables fuel to be in mixed combustion with the pyrolysis gas/gasification gas to remove nitrogen oxides, which realizes ultra-low emission of the nitrogen oxides. The air supply device is in communication with a biomass pyrolysis coupling partial gasification and is in communication with the system for use in carbon negative emission methods and the nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system. The pyrolysis gas/gasification gas enters the nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system. The flow control module controls a flow ratio of a pyrolysis agent/gasification agent entering the system for use in carbon negative emission methods and flow of the pyrolysis gas/gasification gas and air entering the nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system.

A continuous converter for pyrolyzing or otherwise processing biomass or other solid organic feed materials includes a reaction chamber (5) for producing a solid carbon-containing product and a gas product and optionally a liquid water product via pyrolysis or other reaction mechanisms from a solid organic feed material. The chamber has an inlet (41) for supplying a solid organic feed material to the chamber and separate outlets (15, 35) for the solid carbon-containing product and the gas product produced in the reaction chamber. The inlet and the solid carbon-containing product outlet are configured so that the solid materials in the inlet and in the outlet form respective gas seals in the inlet and the outlet.

A continuous converter for pyrolyzing or otherwise processing biomass or other solid organic feed materials includes a reaction chamber (5) for producing a solid carbon-containing product and a gas product and optionally a liquid water product via pyrolysis or other reaction mechanisms from a solid organic feed material. The chamber has an inlet (41) for supplying a solid organic feed material to the chamber and separate outlets (15, 35) for the solid carbon-containing product and the gas product produced in the reaction chamber. The inlet and the solid carbon-containing product outlet are configured so that the solid materials in the inlet and in the outlet form respective gas seals in the inlet and the outlet.

A gasifier, including a vertically disposed furnace body, a monitoring unit, and a microwave plasma generating device. The furnace body includes a material and fuel inlet, a syngas outlet, an oxygen/vapor inlet, and a slag outlet. The furnace body has a clearance zone in an upper part thereof and a fixed bed zone in a lower part thereof. The slag outlet is disposed at the bottom of the furnace body. The monitoring unit is disposed close to the syngas outlet. At least one microwave plasma generating device is disposed on the furnace body.

A gasifier, including a vertically disposed furnace body, a monitoring unit, and a microwave plasma generating device. The furnace body includes a material and fuel inlet, a syngas outlet, an oxygen/vapor inlet, and a slag outlet. The furnace body has a clearance zone in an upper part thereof and a fixed bed zone in a lower part thereof. The slag outlet is disposed at the bottom of the furnace body. The monitoring unit is disposed close to the syngas outlet. At least one microwave plasma generating device is disposed on the furnace body.

An updraft gasifier including a reactor chamber, the chamber adapted to receive an amount of biomass fuel, one or more reaction gas input means, the base portion located below and fluidly connected to the receiving portion of the reactor chamber, a hollow feed tube extending into the receiving portion of the chamber to terminate at a feed tube terminus within the receiving portion of the chamber, one or more product gas output means located at or near the top of the receiving portion of the reactor chamber; and wherein the gasifier further includes a biomass distribution member within the receiving chamber, the biomass distribution member positioned to enable a portion of the distribution member to be moveable beneath the feed tube terminus.

An updraft gasifier including a reactor chamber, the chamber adapted to receive an amount of biomass fuel, one or more reaction gas input means, the base portion located below and fluidly connected to the receiving portion of the reactor chamber, a hollow feed tube extending into the receiving portion of the chamber to terminate at a feed tube terminus within the receiving portion of the chamber, one or more product gas output means located at or near the top of the receiving portion of the reactor chamber; and wherein the gasifier further includes a biomass distribution member within the receiving chamber, the biomass distribution member positioned to enable a portion of the distribution member to be moveable beneath the feed tube terminus.

Carbon negative emission methods, a nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system, an air supply device and a flow control module. The system for use in carbon negative emission methods enables biomass to produce inorganic carbon and pyrolysis gas/gasification gas to realize negative emission of carbon. The nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system enables fuel to be in mixed combustion with the pyrolysis gas/gasification gas to remove nitrogen oxides, which realizes ultra-low emission of the nitrogen oxides. The air supply device is in communication with a biomass pyrolysis coupling partial gasification and is in communication with the system for use in carbon negative emission methods and the nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system. The pyrolysis gas/gasification gas enters the nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system. The flow control module controls a flow ratio of a pyrolysis agent/gasification agent entering the system for use in carbon negative emission methods and flow of the pyrolysis gas/gasification gas and air entering the nitrogen oxide ultra-low emission system.

A process for optimizing a biomass feedstock for gasification for the production of syngas. The biomass feed, which is preferably a lignocellulosic material, is subjected to controlled torrefaction followed by steam stripping of the torrefied solids. The biomass undergoes a weight loss of about 10% to 15% on a dry ash free basis. This increases the energy density and friability of the stripped torrefied biomass and results in higher efficiency on subsequent densification or gasification.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to iron carbonate utilized as a catalyst in coal gasification processes. An FeCO.sub.3 catalyst is active in both pyrolysis and gasification operations, and may increase carbon conversion rate and reduce the activation energy of coal gasification. Methods described herein also include suitable processing conditions for performing coal gasification with the FeCO.sub.3 catalyst.