A method for preparing troxerutin ester using whole-cell catalysis belongs to the fields of biological catalysis and pharmaceutical chemistry. The method specifically includes the following steps: evenly mixing troxerutin and a mixed organic solvent containing pyridine, then adding an acyl donor and a whole-cell catalyst, and performing a reaction under oscillation at a reaction temperature of 25° C. to 55° C.; and after the reaction is finished, separating and purifying a product by column chromatography or thin-layer chromatography, so as to obtain the troxerutin ester. The invention has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, environmental friendliness, simple process, fewer side reactions and high selectivity.

It is an object to provide a method of synthesizing amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide. Genes each having an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability have been isolated from quinoa and the like, and the isolated genes have been used to verify the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability in non-betalain-producing plants.

It is an object to provide a method of synthesizing amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide. Genes each having an amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability have been isolated from quinoa and the like, and the isolated genes have been used to verify the amaranthin or gomphrenin-I-glucuronide synthesis ability in non-betalain-producing plants.

Provided are transgenic organisms, such as plants and plant parts, cells, and related compositions and methods for producing and monitoring the genotype for enhanced production of montbretin A and/or its precursors. For example, provided is a transgenic organism comprising at least one heterologous nucleic acid operatively linked to a promoter, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid encodes at least one enzyme in a montbretin A (MbA) metabolic pathway. The organisms can be a plant, plant part, or plant cell, or a microorganism such as a yeast. Also provided is a method for producing at least one montbretin A (MbA) precursor and/or MbA, comprising permitting the expression of the at least one heterologous nucleic acid in the transgenic organism. The disclosure also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that comprise sequence encoding at least one enzyme in a montbretin A (MbA) metabolic pathway and vectors comprising the nucleic acids.

Provided are transgenic organisms, such as plants and plant parts, cells, and related compositions and methods for producing and monitoring the genotype for enhanced production of montbretin A and/or its precursors. For example, provided is a transgenic organism comprising at least one heterologous nucleic acid operatively linked to a promoter, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid encodes at least one enzyme in a montbretin A (MbA) metabolic pathway. The organisms can be a plant, plant part, or plant cell, or a microorganism such as a yeast. Also provided is a method for producing at least one montbretin A (MbA) precursor and/or MbA, comprising permitting the expression of the at least one heterologous nucleic acid in the transgenic organism. The disclosure also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that comprise sequence encoding at least one enzyme in a montbretin A (MbA) metabolic pathway and vectors comprising the nucleic acids.

Provided herein are biocatalysts and systems thereof for pterin-dependent enzymes and pathways and methods of making and using the same. Provided herein in some embodiments are biocatalysts having a pterin source and a pterin-dependent enzymatic pathway biologically coupled to the pterin source. Tetrahydrobiopterin (referred to herein as BH4 or BH 4) can be the pterin source. The BH4 can be synthesized by a tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis pathway. The tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis pathway can include a GTP cyclohydrase; a pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase; a sepiapterin reductase, and/or any combination thereof. The biocatalyst can further contain a pterin-dependent enzymatic pathway. The pterin-dependent enzymatic pathway can be amino acid mono-oxygenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase, alkylglycerol monooxygenase, and/or any combination thereof.

Provided herein are biocatalysts and systems thereof for pterin-dependent enzymes and pathways and methods of making and using the same. Provided herein in some embodiments are biocatalysts having a pterin source and a pterin-dependent enzymatic pathway biologically coupled to the pterin source. Tetrahydrobiopterin (referred to herein as BH4 or BH 4) can be the pterin source. The BH4 can be synthesized by a tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis pathway. The tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis pathway can include a GTP cyclohydrase; a pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase; a sepiapterin reductase, and/or any combination thereof. The biocatalyst can further contain a pterin-dependent enzymatic pathway. The pterin-dependent enzymatic pathway can be amino acid mono-oxygenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase, alkylglycerol monooxygenase, and/or any combination thereof.

An icariside compound as shown in Formula I wherein the compound is a natural chemical component in the traditional Chinese herbal epimedium or a chemically modified or a totally synthetic product based on the natural component. The compound can be used for preparing pharmaceuticals, health care products, cosmetic and skin care products and the like for improvement of immunity in a human body.

An icariside compound as shown in Formula I wherein the compound is a natural chemical component in the traditional Chinese herbal epimedium or a chemically modified or a totally synthetic product based on the natural component. The compound can be used for preparing pharmaceuticals, health care products, cosmetic and skin care products and the like for improvement of immunity in a human body.

The present application relates to enantioselective enzymatic reduction of keto compounds to the corresponding chiral hydroxy compounds. Specifically the present application describes enantioselective enzymatic reduction of ethyl-4-chloroacetoacetate (compound of formula I) into (R)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate (compound of formula II). The present application also covers use of (R)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate prepared by the enantioselective enzymatic reduction process in the preparation of SGLT2 inhibitor empaglifiozin.

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