Systems and methods of making lactobionic acid are described. The systems include two-compartment cation bipolar electrodialysis assemblies having at least one cell that includes a cation ion-exchange membrane and a bipolar membrane. The membranes define the borders of a pair of flow channels for a separate (i) caustic stream and (i) purified lactobionic acid stream. Lactobionate ions in the lactobionic acid stream do not cross a membrane in the electrodialysis assembly, which reduces membrane fouling. The methods include passing a lactobionate salt through a two-compartment cation bipolar electrodialysis assembly. The electrodialysis assembly includes at least one two-compartment cation bipolar membrane cell, and separates the lactobionate salt into a caustic compound and the lactobionic acid. The assembly is designed so the lactobionate ions do not cross an ion exchange membrane in the assembly to form the lactobionic acid, which reduces membrane fouling.

The present invention provides engineered galactose oxidase (GOase) enzymes, polypeptides having GOase activity, and polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, as well as vectors and host cells comprising these polynucleotides and polypeptides. Methods for producing GOase enzymes are also provided. The present invention further provides compositions comprising the GOase enzymes and methods of using the engineered GOase enzymes. The present invention finds particular use in the production of pharmaceutical and other compounds.

The present invention relates to biocatalytic methods, comprising purely enzymatic, mixed enzymatic-fermentative and purely fermentative methods, for the direct single-step conversion of L-fucitol to L-fucose, in order to easily obtain L-fucose at high amounts and levels of purity. Suitable recombinant microorganisms and fungi are further disclosed and also the use thereof in said method for the single-step conversion to L-fucose.

The present invention relates to processes for the formation of furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), in particular 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), and mono- and diester derivatives thereof, via a multistep biocatalytic oxidation reaction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using, for example, an enzyme selected from the group consisting of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), galactose oxidase variant M.sub.3-5, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and/or ketoreductase. The invention also relates to copolymers that comprise the furandicarboxylic acid monomers and derivatives thereof, processes for the formation of the copolymers and uses for the copolymers.

The present application relates to a disaccharide linker, a disaccharide-small molecule drug conjugate and a sugar chain fixed-point antibody-drug conjugate, a preparation method and the use thereof. The structure of the disaccharide linker is as shown in the following formula I. The present invention provides a new-type fixed-point and quantitative antibody-drug conjugate form, and the stability and cytotoxicity of the antibody-drug conjugate are improved.

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The present invention provides engineered galactose oxidase (GOase) enzymes, polypeptides having GOase activity, and polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, as well as vectors and host cells comprising these polynucleotides and polypeptides. Methods for producing GOase enzymes are also provided. The present invention further provides compositions comprising the GOase enzymes and methods of using the engineered GOase enzymes. The present invention finds particular use in the production of pharmaceutical and other compounds.

A therapeutic composition for the treatment of lung diseases or disorders and diseases or disorders of the airway passages including pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome is based on the generation of a biocidal anion by an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by a peroxidase. The peroxide utilized by the peroxidase enzyme can be endogenous or can be generalized by the action of an oxidase enzyme on a suitable substrate.

A method of preparing succinic acid; the method comprising contacting glucose with an oxidizing catalyst under conditions to produce a first oxidized product; converting the first oxidized product to an aldehyde; and contacting the aldehyde with an acid catalyst under conditions suitable for the formation of succinic acid.

The present invention provides engineered galactose oxidase (GOase) enzymes, polypeptides having GOase activity, and polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, as well as vectors and host cells comprising these polynucleotides and polypeptides. Methods for producing GOase enzymes are also provided. The present invention further provides compositions comprising the GOase enzymes and methods of using the engineered GOase enzymes. The present invention finds particular use in the production of pharmaceutical and other compounds.

The present invention relates to processes for the formation of furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), in particular 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), and mono- and diester derivatives thereof, via a multistep biocatalytic oxidation reaction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using, for example, an enzyme selected from the group consisting of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), galactose oxidase variant M.sub.3-5, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and/or ketoreductase. The invention also relates to copolymers that comprise the furandicarboxylic acid monomers and derivatives thereof, processes for the formation of the copolymers and uses for the copolymers.