A dialysis system may include a blood circuit, a cassette, a subsystem having a processor, a sensor, and a blood pumping mechanism, a housing in which the subsystem is arranged, a movable support arranged in the housing and configured to hold the sensor and/or the blood pumping mechanism of the subsystem, a cassette holder configured to removably receive the cassette, and a loading system. The loading system may be configured to move the movable support, e.g. by an axial movement, to a first position and to a second position relatively to the housing while the cassette holder is fixedly arranged in the housing. The loading system may have an electric motor controlled by the processor, a drive assembly coupled to the electric motor, and a guiding assembly configured to cooperate with the drive assembly.

A dialysis machine (e.g., a peritoneal dialysis (PD) machine) can include a pressure sensor mounted at a proximal end of a patient line made of a distensible material that provides PD solution to a patient through a catheter. During treatment, an occlusion can occur at different locations in the patient line and/or the catheter. When an incremental volume of additional solution is provided to the patient line while the occlusion is present, a change in pressure results. The change in pressure depends on the dimensions and the distensibility of the non-occluded portion of the patient line. If the change in pressure, the incremental volume, the properties related to the distensibility of the patient line, and some of the dimensions of the patient line are known, the location of the occlusion can be inferred. The occlusion type can be inferred based on the determined location.

A fluid processing system may include a flow control cassette comprising at least one interface sensor chamber in fluid communication with at least one of a plurality of separate channels, the at least one interface sensor chamber defined at least in part by a wall, and at least one capacitive sensor disposed on the wall of the at least one interface sensor chamber. The fluid processing system may include, in the alternative or in addition, at least one syringe comprising a wall defining a barrel having a first end and a second end, the barrel having a bore with or without a piston or plunger disposed therein, and at least one capacitive sensor disposed on an outer surface of the wall of the syringe.

A conductivity measurement device includes first and second conductivity measurement flow channels positioned in a fluid circuit and fluidly linked for fluid flow between the first and second conductivity measurement flow channels. A controller having a current source connected to the first and second conductivity channels applies alternating voltages at frequencies that are different, each being respective to one of the first and second conductivity cells.

In one aspect, a system includes a blood treatment machine; a dialyzer configured to be coupled to the blood treatment machine, the dialyzer including a dialyzer housing defining a blood inlet and a blood outlet; a bundle of hollow fibers within an interior of the dialyzer housing; a pumping device drivable to force blood received from the blood inlet through lumens of the bundle of hollow fibers and out the blood outlet; a dialysate inlet port in fluid communication with a dialysate flow path that includes space in the interior of the dialyzer housing between the bundle of hollow fibers; and a dialysate outlet port in fluid communication with the dialysate flow path. The system further includes a fluid conditioning system configured to (i) prepare and supply fresh dialysate to the dialyzer via the dialysate inlet port, and (ii) receive spent dialysate from the dialyzer via the dialysate outlet port, recycle the spent dialysate, and supply the recycled dialysate to the dialyzer via the dialysate inlet port.

A medical treatment system, such as a peritoneal dialysis system, may include a control system and other features to enhance patient comfort and ease of use. For example, the peritoneal dialysis system may include the control system that can adjust a volume of fluid infused into a peritoneal cavity to prevent an intraperitoneal fluid volume from exceeding a pre-determined amount. The control system can adjust by adding one or more therapy cycles, allowing for fill volumes during each cycle of the one or more therapy cycles to be reduced. The control system may continue to allow the fluid to drain from the peritoneal cavity as completely as possible before starting the next therapy cycle of the one or more therapy cycles. The control system may also adjust a dwell time of the fluid within the peritoneal cavity during the one or more therapy cycles in order to complete a therapy within a scheduled time period. A cycler may also be configured to have a heater control system that monitors both a temperature of a heating tray and a temperature of a bag of dialysis fluid in order to bring a temperature of the dialysis fluid rapidly to a specified temperature, with minimal temperature overshoot.

A pump and valve arrangement (201), a dialysis system (10) comprising the pump and valve arrangement 201 and a method of operating a pump and valve arrangement (201). The pump and valve arrangement (201) has a dialyser having a semi-permeable membrane. The pump and valve arrangement (201) delivers dialysis fluid to and from the dialyser (12). The pump and valve arrangement (201) has a control system (450) configured to shuttle dialysis fluid between an inlet pump assembly and the dialyser (12) one or more times so as to agitate the surface of the semi-permeable membrane of the dialyser (12).

Various embodiments of a system for priming a catheter assembly are disclosed herein. For example, the system can include a catheter assembly including an elongate body and an operative device coupled thereto. The system can also include a priming vessel configured to receive insertion of the operative device therein. The priming vessel can include a proximal portion secured to the distal portion of the elongate body such that the elongate body is in fluid communication with the priming vessel. The priming vessel can also include a distal end through which air is expelled when a fluid is channeled through the elongate body and into the priming vessel to expel air from within the catheter assembly.

A method of performing a dialysis treatment includes using a pump and a dialysate supply line to transport peritoneal dialysis fluid, the supply line having a proximal end into which peritoneal dialysis fluid is supplied and from which spend dialysate is withdrawn, and a distal end which is connected to a patient's peritoneal access. The method further includes generating proximal and distal pressure signals using pressure detectors located at both the proximal and distal ends, respectively, of said supply line. During a drain cycle in which spent dialysate is pumped from the patient, the method includes, responsively to the proximal and distal pressure signals, detecting a characteristic of a pressure difference between the distal and proximal ends whose magnitude is determined by a predicted change in dialysate properties, and responsively to the characteristic, generating a signal indicating the change in dialysate properties.

Dialysis systems comprising actuators that cooperate to perform dialysis functions and sensors that cooperate to monitor dialysis functions are disclosed. According to one aspect, such a hemodialysis system comprises a user interface model layer, a therapy layer, below the user interface model layer, and a machine layer below the therapy layer. The user interface model layer is configured to manage the state of a graphical user interface and receive inputs from a graphical user interface. The therapy layer is configured to run state machines that generate therapy commands based at least in part on the inputs from the graphical user interface. The machine layer is configured to provide commands for the actuators based on the therapy commands.