An apparatus for producing Pb-212. The apparatus comprises an emanation box that comprises an emanation source comprising a porous non-reactive material. The emanation box receives at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224, wherein the at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 within the emanation box. The apparatus further includes a carrier gas feed coupled to the emanation box. The carrier gas feed directs an inert gas into the emanation box and the inert gas carries the Rn-220 out of the emanation box through a carrier gas exit port of the emanation box. The apparatus also includes one or more Rn-220 targets coupled to the carrier gas exit port. The carrier gas carries the Rn-220 from the emanation box to the one or more Rn-220 targets and the Rn-220 decays into Pb-212 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The Pb-212 is directed into the Pb-212 collection container.

Methods for purifying .sup.89Zr are provided, .sup.89Zr compositions are provided, isotope compositions are provided that can include: a radio isotope and a nanoparticle, and methods for radio labeling monoclonal antibodies are provided.

An apparatus for producing Pb-212. The apparatus comprises an emanation box that comprises an emanation source comprising a porous non-reactive material. The emanation box receives at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224, wherein the at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 within the emanation box. The apparatus further includes a carrier gas feed coupled to the emanation box. The carrier gas feed directs an inert gas into the emanation box and the inert gas carries the Rn-220 out of the emanation box through a carrier gas exit port of the emanation box. The apparatus also includes one or more Rn-220 targets coupled to the carrier gas exit port. The carrier gas carries the Rn-220 from the emanation box to the one or more Rn-220 targets and the Rn-220 decays into Pb-212 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The Pb-212 is directed into the Pb-212 collection container.

A method for producing Pb-212 isotope comprises introducing Th-228 into an emanation box. The emanation box comprises an emanation source comprising a high-surface area material. The method also includes introducing a carrier gas into the emanation box through a carrier gas feed. The method also includes separating the Rn-220 from the carrier gas in the one or more Rn-220 targets, directing the carrier gas out of the one or more Rn-220 targets through a carrier gas exhaust port, directing a liquid through a liquid feed into the one or more Rn-220 targets, and allowing the Rn-220 to undergo radioactive decay into Pb-212 isotope within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The liquid dissolves the Pb-212 isotope produced by radioactive decay of Rn-220 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The method further includes directing the liquid containing the Pb-212 isotope from the one or more Rn-220 targets to a Pb-212 collection container, and separating the Pb-212 isotope from the liquid.

A method for producing Pb-212 isotope comprises introducing Th-228 into an emanation box. The emanation box comprises an emanation source comprising a high-surface area material. The method also includes introducing a carrier gas into the emanation box through a carrier gas feed. The method also includes separating the Rn-220 from the carrier gas in the one or more Rn-220 targets, directing the carrier gas out of the one or more Rn-220 targets through a carrier gas exhaust port, directing a liquid through a liquid feed into the one or more Rn-220 targets, and allowing the Rn-220 to undergo radioactive decay into Pb-212 isotope within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The liquid dissolves the Pb-212 isotope produced by radioactive decay of Rn-220 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The method further includes directing the liquid containing the Pb-212 isotope from the one or more Rn-220 targets to a Pb-212 collection container, and separating the Pb-212 isotope from the liquid.

Methods for purifying .sup.89Zr are provided, .sup.89Zr compositions are provided, isotope compositions are provided that can include: a radio isotope and a nanoparticle, and methods for radio labeling monoclonal antibodies are provided.

A method of separating actinium and/or radium from proton-irradiated thorium metal. The thorium metal is irradiated to produce isotopes including thorium, actinium and/or radium. The resultant product is dissolved in solution and a selective precipitant is used to precipitate a bulk portion of the thorium. The precipitated thorium can be recovered. Chromatography is carried out on the remaining solution to remove residual thorium and to separate the actinium from the radium.

A composition for extracting a metal, the composition comprising an organic phase comprising a crown either, an organic solvent, and an organic phosphate. The crown either may comprise B15C5 crown and the organic solvent may comprise chloroform and/or toluene. The organic phase may further comprise an alcohol. A method for extracting a metal, the method comprising disposing an organic phase comprising a crown either, an organic solvent, and an organic phosphate; and an aqueous phase comprising a metal salt and a base into a high-speed countercurrent chromatograph. The metal may comprise a lithium ion.

A composition for extracting a metal, the composition comprising an organic phase comprising a crown either, an organic solvent, and an organic phosphate. The crown either may comprise B15C5 crown and the organic solvent may comprise chloroform and/or toluene. The organic phase may further comprise an alcohol. A method for extracting a metal, the method comprising disposing an organic phase comprising a crown either, an organic solvent, and an organic phosphate; and an aqueous phase comprising a metal salt and a base into a high-speed countercurrent chromatograph. The metal may comprise a lithium ion.

Provided are methods to separate an isotope from a first solution including uranium. The methods may include (a) cleaning the first solution to form a second solution including the uranium and a third solution including the isotope; (b) oxidizing the third solution to form an oxidized isotope; and (c) separating the oxidized isotope.