Provided is an ultrafine bubble generating apparatus that generates ultrafine bubbles by generating film boiling by causing a heater provided in a liquid to generate heat, the ultrafine bubble generating apparatus including: an element substrate including a first heater that generates the film boiling in the liquid and a second heater that is arranged adjacent to the first heater, in which the first heater and the second heater are driven in different timings.

Provided is an ultrafine bubble generating apparatus that generates ultrafine bubbles by generating film boiling by causing a heater provided in a liquid to generate heat, the ultrafine bubble generating apparatus including: an element substrate including a first heater that generates the film boiling in the liquid and a second heater that is arranged adjacent to the first heater, in which the first heater and the second heater are driven in different timings.

An apparatus for mass producing monodisperse microbubbles includes a microfluidic flow focusing device, which includes a dispersed phase fluid supply channel having an outlet that discharges into a flow focusing junction, a continuous phase fluid supply channel having an outlet that discharges into the flow focusing junction, and a bubble formation channel having an inlet disposed at the flow focusing junction. The configuration of the flow focusing junction is such that, in operation, a flow of dispersed phase fluid discharging from the outlet of the dispersed phase fluid supply channel is engageable in co-flow by a focusing flow of continuous phase fluid discharging from the outlet of the at least one continuous phase fluid supply channel under formation of a gradually thinning jet of dispersed phase fluid that extends into the inlet of the bubble formation channel.

A micro-bubble generator is provided between an input end and an output end of a water outlet device. The micro-bubble generator includes a water inlet member and a water outlet member. A gas inlet gap is remained between the water inlet member and the water outlet member, with the gas inlet gap being communicated to external air, such that the external air is allowed to enter the micro-bubble generator for gas-liquid mixing and generate minute and dense bubbles.

A substrate cleaning method and a substrate cleaning apparatus are provided. The substrate cleaning method includes a first step of applying a chemical solution to a lower surface of a substrate, and a second step of subsequently applying a bubble-containing liquid to the lower surface of the substrate.

A substrate cleaning method and a substrate cleaning apparatus are provided. The substrate cleaning method includes a first step of applying a chemical solution to a lower surface of a substrate, and a second step of subsequently applying a bubble-containing liquid to the lower surface of the substrate.

A micro-bubble spray head and a washing apparatus. The micro-bubble spray head includes an integrated spray tube and a micro-bubble bubbler fixed on the outlet end of the integrated spray tube; a throttling passage portion is formed in the integrated spray tube; a plurality of throttling passages parallel to each other and having a uniform cross section are formed in the throttling passage portion along a water stream direction, so that a plurality of water streams can be formed in the plurality of throttling passages parallel to each other and having the uniform cross section and are sprayed out from the outlets of the plurality of throttling passages parallel to each other and having the uniform cross section in an expansion manner, so as to form negative pressure near the outlets; a plurality of air inlets serving as air inlet passages are further provided on the integrated spray tube.

A micro-bubble spray head and a washing apparatus. The micro-bubble spray head includes an integrated spray tube and a micro-bubble bubbler fixed on the outlet end of the integrated spray tube; a throttling passage portion is formed in the integrated spray tube; a plurality of throttling passages parallel to each other and having a uniform cross section are formed in the throttling passage portion along a water stream direction, so that a plurality of water streams can be formed in the plurality of throttling passages parallel to each other and having the uniform cross section and are sprayed out from the outlets of the plurality of throttling passages parallel to each other and having the uniform cross section in an expansion manner, so as to form negative pressure near the outlets; a plurality of air inlets serving as air inlet passages are further provided on the integrated spray tube.

Provided are an internal structure capable of generating fine bubbles without increasing a flow rate, a flow characteristic changing apparatus, and a utilization apparatus thereof. An internal structure which is accommodated in a housing and configured to change characteristics of a fluid with respect to the fluid includes a first internal structure and a second internal structure. The first internal structure has a flow characteristic providing portion having a structure of at least one hollow venturi tube. The second internal structure is in the form of a hollow shaft, accommodates at least a portion of the first internal structure inside the hollow shaft, and has a body portion having a plurality of protrusions formed on an outer surface thereof.

This application relates to a system of treating wastewater wherein an oxygen infusion system is used to supersaturate wastewater before aerobic biological processes, wherein oxygen is transferred to the wastewater free of oxygen bubbles and achieves a reduction in power demand for the aeration process of wastewater.